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Statement for Management

United States Department of the Interior - National Park Service

WIND CAVE NATIONAL PARK

July 1986

Definition

The statement for management (SFM) provides an up-to-date inventory of the park's condition and an analysis of its problems. It does not involve any prescriptive decisions on future management and use of the park, but it provides a format for evaluating conditions and identifying major issues and information voids.

Recommended by:

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Ernest W. Ortega, Superintendent

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Vicinity Map

Wind Cave National Park

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Boundary Map

Wind Cave National Park Custer Co., South Dakota

United States Department of the Interior - National Park Service

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I. LOCATION

Wind Cave National Park is in southwestern South Dakota in the southern Black Hills. The park is in Custer County and has "At-Large" congressional representation.

II. PURPOSE AND SIGNIFICANCE

Wind Cave National Park was established on January 9, 1903, to "(reserve) from settlement, entry, sale, or other disposal and set apart as a park all those (lands) in the State of South Dakota as follows: . . . That said park shall be known as the Wind Cave National Park and shall be (controlled) by the Secretary of the Interior, whose duty it shall be to prescribe such rules and regulations and establish such services as he may deem necessary for the care and management of same." The need for such legislation in 1903 stemmed from a land dispute between rival families over the actual ownership of Wind Cave. The claimants recognized the commercial value of Wind Cave and based tourist operations on anticipated appeal of this extraordinary cavern.

The legislation of 1903 does not address Wind Cave itself in any concrete fashion. Congressional testimony which accompanied the bill on its way through Congress described the wonders of Wind Cave as they were known then, as well as the need for protection from the business interests who were then leading cave tours, developing surface lands, developing cave trails using high impact techniques, and mining and selling cave features "by the ton."

Today, those same cave resources are better understood and can be described in terms relative to the rest of the known caves of the world. Simply, Wind Cave's underground resources are acknowledged by speleologists around the world as being unique and significant. Those resources include the cave's complexity, length, and multiple vertical levels which make it one of the most complicated maze of caves in the world. Its unusual and incompletely understood origins incorporating upwelling warm water rather than surface drainage and its lack of known multiple entrances are a unique combination in the world of caves. The crystalline formations of Wind Cave are also unique, from the best developed and most varied boxwork in the world to large aragonite bushes, unusual forms of

gypsum extrusions, and multibranched helictite bushes without a central core. Unusual minerals have been discovered in Wind Cave including one which was new to science. All these underground resources were only hinted at in the enactment legislation which provided them protection from "spoliation."

On August 10, 1912, Wind Cave National Game Preserve was superimposed on the surface of Wind Cave National Park, though it was to be managed by the Secretary of Agriculture. The Agriculture Secretary was charged with providing for the needs including securing water supplies, and ". . .the erection of a good and substantial fence and to erect thereon all necessary sheds and buildings for the care and maintenance of said animals." The said animals were a small band of bison from New York Zoological Society which were shipped to and introduced onto the range of the new preserve. They were later followed by elk and pronghorn. Difficulties and discrepancies caused by this dual management situation were straightened out later.

The 1916 Organic Act for the National Park Service provided guidance for all national parks with the classic direction to " . . .conserve the scenery and the natural and historic objects and the wildlife therein and to provide for the enjoyment of the same in such manner and by such means as to leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations." In 1916, that mandate only applied to the underground resources and those surface developments needed to manage the care for the cave.

On June 15, 1935, the entire park operation as we know it today (about 11,000 acres) was placed under the National Park Service stetson with the incorporation of the Wildlife Preserve into Wind Cave National Park. This then extended the same kind and degree of protection of the underground resources to those surface resources which were included.

Wind Cave National Park now encompasses a fine representative of predominantly midgrass prairie interspersed with short and tall grasses, ponderosa pine woodlands, and riparian vegetation along stream bottoms. The prairie is the habitat of a curious combination of eastern and western birds as well as small mammals and the larger grazing mammals like bison, elk, mule and white-tail deer, and pronghorn.

The habitats of these animals is a mix of eastern and western wildf lowers and shrubs. The vegetation overlies sedimentary rock formations which contain a wide variety of paleontological specimens. Human history is not absent from the scene with 9 known archeological sites (and evidence of more) and 23 structures on the List of Classified Structures per NPS-28 , Cultural Resources Management Guideline.

The purpose of Wind Cave National Park is therefore wider than its original legislation ever conceived. The resources are more varied and the management issues more complex, but the mission remains the same as in 1916: to preserve, to protect, and to provide for the use of this wonderful park by such manner and means as to leave it unimpaired for future generations.

Themes Represented at Wind Cave National Park

The following thems have been identified as having primary as well as secondary or tertiary relativity to Wind Cave National Park and/or its environs:

Part One of the National Park System Plan: History

Secondary/Tertiary Themes

1. The Original Inhabitants

a. The Earliest Americans c. Indian Meets European

6. Westward Expansion

c. Military-Indian Conflicts

e. The Mining Frontier

f. The Farmer's Frontier

Part Two of the National Park System Plan: Natural History

Primary Themes, Great Plains

Mountain Systems Caves and Springs Grasslands

Secondary/Tertiary Themes

Cuestas and Hogbacks Boreal Forest Underground Ecosystem Geologic History

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III. INFLUENCES: INVENTORY AND ANALYSIS

A. LEGISLATIVE AND ADMINISTRATIVE REQUIREMENTS

Legislation for Wind Cave National Park is neither extensive nor complex; it, along with statutes from the State of South Dakota, as well as other administrative commitments, provide the basic premises for present and future managerial activities.

Establishment Act

The initial legislative mandate originates with the Act of January 9, 1903, (32 Stat. 765) which set apart land (10,532 acres) as a public park to be known as "Wind Cave National Park." Through this act, the Secretary of Interior was authorized to manage the lands and underlying caverns as well as to establish such services as were deemed necessary.

National Game Preserve Act

The complexion of the park changed considerably with the Act of August 10, 1912, (37 Stat., 293) which provided for the establishment of a national game preserve upon the land included within the boundaries of the park. It became the Wind Cave National Game Preserve under the jurisdiction of the Bureau of Biological Survey of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) . This action established ". . .a permanent national range for a herd of buffalo to be presented to the U.S. by the American Bison Society, and for such other native American game animals as may be placed therein."

1931 Boundary Expansion

The Act of March 4, 1931, expansion of the boundaries of Wind Cave National Park by 1,200 acres and stated: "Such lands are hereby made a part of Wind Cave National Park, and shall hereafter be subject to all laws and regulations applicable to such park." The Department of Agriculture, as recorded on the report accompanying the bill, was supportive of the action.

Water Source Purchase, 1931

In 1931, the National park Service purchased 101 acres of land (from the McAdam Ranch) which included two spring boxes, some of the surrounding watershed, and a 2-inch pipeline. The water source had been developed

prior to 1931 by the Bureau of Biological Survey. The deed for the property and associated water system, dated August 28, 1931, and registered in Custer County Book of Deeds Number 15, page 263, it also included a 10-foot right-of-way for the water line and an access easement " . . .to the springs and pipeline aforesaid at all times over any existing traveled ways and over the fields of the parties of the first part to the pipeline where the least damage to the property will be done." In conjunction with this, the U.S. Forest Service-- through Special Use Permit dated May 16, 1932, and still in ef f ect--granted to the park the use of 40 acres for protection of the watershed in the area.

End of Dual Management

In 1935, the dual management of the park ended with the enactment of Public Law Number 148 dated June 15, 1935. Section 601 states that ". . .effective July 1, 1935, the Wind Cave National Game Preserve in the State of South Dakota. . ." was to be abolished, all property transferred, and would be subject to all laws and regulations expressed in the Act of August 10, 1912, establishing the game preserve.

Surplus Wildlife Disposal Act, 1938

With the Act of June 16, 1938, the Secretary of Interior was given authority "to sell or otherwise dispose of surplus buffalo and elk. . .all monies received. . .shall be deposited in the Treasury of the United States as miscellaneous receipts. . .." Moreover, the Senate Report accompanying said legislation states: "It is contemplated that most of the surplus animals will be given to needy Indians or to charitable institutions for food or for starting herds of their own. . .."

Boundary Expansion, 1946

The boundary of the park was extended considerably through Public Law Number 708 of August 9, 1946. During the Depression years of the 1930's, the Federal Government acquired abandoned marginal ranch operations in the area between the then much smaller Wind Cave National Park and Custer State Park (CSP) . The idea was to employ conservation measures to restore the deteriorated soils and vegetation on these properties. Such areas would be available to the public for

recreational activities such as hunting and fishing but would also be conservatively grazed through leases to private livestock owners — thus the name "Recreation Demonstration Area (RDA)." The idea was that eventually such lands would be ceded to the State as an add-on to Custer State Park. But the National Park Service and its supporters looked upon the RDA lands as the best possible opportunity for expanding Wind Cave National Park to a size large enough to maintain viable populations of big game animals. In this respect, there was considerable concern over the repeated poor showing of the pronghorn antelope. There was a belief that this species needed more wide-open space habitat such as that in the RDA. This contention led to considerable debate between persons who wanted to see the RDA taken over by Wind Cave and those in favor of seeing such lands incorporated in CSP. In the end, a compromise agreement was reached with each side receiving about half of the RDA. The park's acreage was increased from .11,718.17 acres to some 28,059. With this action, the National Park Service was given authority to convey Section 25 (5S, 6E) to the State of South Dakota as State School Lands.

Highways Relinquished to Wind Cave National Park

Through a State of South Dakota Act dated March 8, 1947, the State Highway Commission and the Board of County Commissioners of Custer County relinquished to the United States for use, construction, and maintenance the portions of public highways within the boundaries of Wind Cave National Park. This relinquishment cedes the jurisdiction of the subject highways to the United States. The two main arteries affected are U.S. 385 and State 87.

On February 4, 1949, a State of South Dakota Act authorized the exchange of Section 25 (5S, 6E) of U.S. Government land. The two governmental entities executed the exchange, but the respective parties retained the respective mineral rights. The National Park Service is currently pursuing the transfer of said rights .

Pringle Cut-Off Road

On November 7, 1951, through Deed Number 45, the Custer County Commissioners transferred to the National Park

Service maintenance responsibility of a county road (Pringle Cut-Off) in the northwest corner of the park with the following stipulations:

1. The road will remain open and unobstructed as a public thoroughfare.

2. The road shall not be closed by gates or fences.

Boundary Extension, 1978

Public Law 95-625 (92 Stat. 3473), November 10, 1978, Section 301, Item Number 21, adds approximately 228 acres to the southern end of the park.

Concurrent Jurisdiction, 1980

On February 27, 1980, the State of South Dakota enacted a law which ceded to Wind Cave National Park--as well as Mount Rushmore National Memorial, Badlands National Park, and Jewel Cave National Monument — concurrent jurisdiction. This cession was accepted by the National Park Service through a letter dated June 9, 1980, and confirmed through the Governor's signature on August 27, 1980. The State of South Dakota had ceded exclusive jurisdiction through State legislation on March 9, 1917 (see above); however, the cession was never accepted and the Act was never rescinded. To support this legislative action — and in accordance with applicable law, regulations, and departmental policy—a cooperative agreement was developed between the Custer County Sheriff's Office, State Attorney, Custer County, and the National Park Service which was in effect from September 16, 1980, through September 15, 1985. We are in the process of renegotiating the agreement with the respective parties.

Special Use Permit - U.S. Forest Service

The U.S. Forest Service was granted a Special Use Permit, which expires January 31, 1990, for an access road across the park's western water supply area in Section 32 of 5S, 5E for facilitation of access to forestry resources.

Special Use Permit - Telephone

Golden West Telephone is authorized to construct and maintain telephone lines through the park under a Special-Use Permit which expires December 31, 1989.

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Special Use Permit - Electricity

The Black Hills Power and Light Company, through Special-Use Permit, which expires December 31, 1986, is authorized to maintain power lines in the park to serve government facilities as well as private customers north of the park.

Cooperative Agreements - U . S \. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

On January 30, 1984, the park entered into a Cooperative Agreement with the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services Division, U. S. Department of Agriculture, to assist with bison brucellosis eradication activities at Wind Cave. The agreement expires on September 30, 1986.

Cooperative Agreement - National Outdoor Leadership School

A Cooperative Agreement is also in effect between the National Park Service, Wind Cave National Park, and the National Outdoor Leadership School (NOLS) from Lander, Wyoming. The agreement, which expires March 31, 1988, allows NOLS the use of cave facilities for training activities, as well as requiring NOLS instructors to assist the National Park Service with training of personnel in cave management and search and resue. At the same time, NOLS students are to undertake cave preservation projects.

Memorandum of Understanding - Fire (Interagency)

A Memorandum of Understanding, which expires January 23, 1989, between the Black Hills National Forest and the National Park Service area in the Black Hills (Wind Cave included) establishes dispatch procedures for initial suppression attacks on wildland fires. Also, Wind Cave National Park is a cooperating member of the Interagency Cooperative Helicopter Agreement which expires on May 4, 1989. The agreement addresses the operation and financing of helicopters for initial attack on wildland fires.

Memorandum of Agreement - Natural History Association

A Memorandum of Agreement dated March 23, 1978, is in effect between the Rocky Mountain Regional Office and the Wind Cave-Jewel Cave Natural History Association. The Association agrees to provide interpretive and

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educational services to the existing public. The term of the agreement is for 5 years , with an automatic renewal clause for another 5 years unless otherwise cancelled. Thus, the agreement was automatically renewed on October 1, 1983, and continues through September 30, 1988. The Chief Naturalist at Wind Cave is the Cooperating Association Liaison for both areas.

A Concessions Permit to the Wind Cave-Jewel Cave Natural History Association was issued on October 1, 1984, and expires on September 30, 1987. The permit grants the Natural History Association the right to sell visitor convenience items at Jewel Cave National Monument on a year-round basis and the same authorization at Wind Cave during that time of the year when the concession operation is closed.

Concession Contract

Carl F. Oberlitner of Wind Cave Concession was granted a concessions contract on January 1, 1982, which expires December 31, 1986, for the provision of visitor convenience items (gift shop and food services) . Through this contract, the concessioner rents a portion of the visitor center-headquarters building for his business .

The National Park Service is responsible for the maintenance of the west half of the common boundary fence separating Wind Cave National Park from Custer State Park, a division of the South Dakota Department of Game, Fish, and Parks.

Fees - Entrance and User

Entrance fees are not collected at Wind Cave. The U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 36, 17.13(b), states that entrance fees will not be charged on " . . .any road or highway established as part of the National Federal-Aid System, which is commonly used by the public as a means of travel between two places. . .." Recreation (User) fees are charged for cave tours and camping.

Other Requirements

The Superintendent is responsible for the operation of Jewel Cave National Monument. A memorandum- -dated September 6, 1985, to the Regional Director — explains the organizational relationship between Wind Cave and

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Jewel Cave. Role and function statements developed between the Wind Cave Division Chiefs and the Jewel Cave Unit Manager clarify the assistance that can be provided to Jewel Cave.

The solid-waste pickup and removal is carried out by- contract as is campground maintenance. The contractor deposits the solid waste at a landfill in Hot Springs.

Wind Cave's bison herd has been under quarantine by the South Dakota Livestock and Sanitary Board since November 12, 1982. The park is presently developing a proposal for submission to the South Dakota State Veterinarian which outlines the program strategies that will be implemented in order to achieve a brucellosis-free certification. Under current State regulations, Wind Cave's surplus bison cannot be live-shipped to other entities. Surplus bison are turned over to the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) who in turn provides for slaughter and distribution of processed meat as well as bison by-products to various Indian tribes. It is permissible, however, to transport live surplus elk to governmental/tribal entities within South Dakota provided brucellosis testing be done by the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and with concurrence of the State Veterinarian of the Livestock Sanitary Board.

Through memoranda dated January 13, 1986, the Chief Engineer of the Water Rights Division of the State of South Dakota Department of Water and Natural Resources advised the park of his intent to cancel five water rights within the park ". . .because filings and location notices have been abandoned or forfeited." The National Park Service, with the assistance of the Rocky Mountain Regional Solicitor and the Water Resources Unit in Fort Collins, Colorado, has requested a 6-month extension to research the matter and provide the Chief Engineer with justification against cancellation. The park is proposing to have the use of the original water rights changed to indicate wildlife use, rather than agricultural use.

B. RESOURCES

The elevations within the park range from 3,570 feet to a high of 5,013 feet at Rankin Ridge Fire Tower. The climate is that of the northern plains region wherein annual temperatures range from winter lows of 30 degrees below zero Fahrenheit to summer highs of 100

13

degrees Fahrenheit or higher-. Even though winter temperatures can be extreme at* times , the winters are generally pleasant with extended periods of little or no snow on the ground and temperatures above zero. Likewise, summers are pleasant with nighttime temperatures in the 50s and 60s and frequent afternoon and evening thunderstorms. The average precipitation is 16 inches per year with winter snows providing less than one quarter of the total.

The origins of Wind Cave National Park, through the establishing legislation in 1903, focused on the underground resources. In fact, 9 years after the establishment of the park, the surface area was designated as a national game preserve under the administration of the Bureau of Biological Survey of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The area was managed as two separate entities until 1935 when the preserve was transferred to the National Park Service. Since then, the resources management activities have included surface as well as subsurface natural and cultural resources preservation.

The report from the Committee on Public Lands (1902) of the U.S. House of Representatives on the matter of establishing Wind Cave National Park refers to the cave as: " . . .a subterranean cave believed to be the largest and, in many respects, the most remarkable in the world. ... It consists of a series of large chambers connected by narrow passageways, and extends several hundred feet in depth and many miles in length." The report goes on to state: "The cave is of great extent having many miles of galleries branching and reticulating along the joint planes of carboniferous limestone. There are numerous chambers of considerable size. There are the usual stalactitic and stalagmitic formations, some of very notable beauty, and much unique "boxwork" of thin intersecting veins of carbonate of lime projecting from the walls and ceilings."

The extent of the "explored" areas of the cave in 1903 was estimated at 8 miles. Reports from as late as 1965 show the length of the "known" cave to be 10 miles. Between 1965 and 1985, an additional 34 miles have been surveyed, and the exploration continues. Today, we can truly say that the prophetic eye of the early explorers and early scientists was fairly accurate. The cave has taken on "World Class" proportions as was previously stated in the "Purpose and Significance" section.

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The establishment of the game preserve in 1912 on the surface acreage of Wind Cave National Park was with the purpose of maintaining ". . .a permanent national range for a herd of buffalo to be presented to the United States by the American Bison Society, and such other Native American game animals as may be placed therein." These other game animals are the elk and pronghorn. Early reports from Wind Cave personnel indicate that the re-introduction of bison, elk, and pronghorn- -along with the continued presence of mule and white-tail deer--served to supplement a visit to the cave. But, as was the case with the cave itself, the importance of the surface resources evolved to higher levels as time progressed. With the transfer of the National Game Preserve from the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Bureau of Biological Survey to the National Park Service, the role of Wind Cave National Park expanded considerably. It was then necessary to incorporate the purposes and objectives of the game preserve with those of a developing agency. The National Park Service's Organic Act of 1916, created additional levels of responsibility in the administration of national parks. Today, the park strives to maintain a natural scene reflective of that which existed in pre-European times. Thus, one of the park's primary mandates is to preserve the surface resources (vegetation, wildlife, geological, and paleontological) which are representative of the prairie-Black Hills environment.

Subsequently, the park's entire boundary is fenced with a 7 -foot, woven-wire fence that keeps major ungulates (elk and bison) contained. The developed area around headquarters is also fenced in the form of an exclosure for bison and elk. However, the boundary fence is approximately 5 feet in height for approximately 2 miles along the southwest corner of the park. This lower fence enables elk to migrate freely to and from the park. In conjunction with wildlife fencing, the park maintains a wildlife handling facility which consists of collecting pens, separating pens, and squeeze chutes. Several miles of pasture enclosures and wing fences complement the wildlife facility.

Another dimension that has yet to evolve at Wind Cave, or yet to be developed, is that relating to cultural resources. This geographical setting--prairie-Black Hills--is replete with human struggle with nature, with other humans, and--more importantly--humans interacting

15

with nature. The Native American presence in this area has yet to be addressed with the same thoroughness as exploration and settlement by European man. The area's present cultural resources management centers around a few archeological and historical sites with the focus having been greater on structures constructed during the Civil Conservation Corps (CCC) era. In keeping with the requirements of applicable legislation and Executive Order 11593, the park should be thoroughly surveyed for cultural resources and appropriate nominations developed for the National Register of Historic Places.

The park's Resource Management Plan identifies the major issues regarding the surface and subsurface resources. Complementary and supplementary management plans have been developed for elk management, for prairie dog management, and for fire management as well. The prairie dog and bison management activities have received careful scrutiny, as well as critical responses, from neighboring ranchers and State officials. The existence of brucellosis in the park's bison herd has generated considerable concern in the State's Livestock Sanitary Board. The problems are addressed in the respective plans and progress is being made.

Two components of the Resource Management Plan, the Cave Management Plan, and the Cultural Resources Management Plan are presently undergoing development and revision, respectively. Upon completion of these, the park will be in a better position to address issues associated with all of its resources.

Under the provisions of the Clean Air Act of 1977, parks with 6,000 acres, or more, were designated as Class 1 areas ". . .under regulations promulgated before such date of enactment of said Act." Wind Cave, as a Class 1 air quality area, presently operates an automated teleradiometer which was installed in 1985. Such documentation is essential for the establishment of base line data. The State of South Dakota has installed an acid rain monitoring station adjacent to the park. The monitoring activities will generate essential data for future courses of action.

C. LAND USES AND TRENDS

The park consists of 28,292.08 acres which include 232.05 acres of private land. These lands are within

16

the boundary adjustment included in Public Law 95-625 of November 10, 1978. Also included in the above acreage are two detached sites containing 100 acres and 1 acre, respectively; and they are located approximately 2 miles west of the coterminous boundary.

The 232.05 acres of private land are listed as two separate tracts in the park's Land Protection Plan. The tracts consist of 152.05 acres and 80.0 acres, respectively. Presently, the owner of the 80-acre tract has listed and posted the area for sale as one tract or two 40-acres tracts. No current use is being made of the property; however, a well has been drilled and a mobile home has been located in a parcel of land immediately south of this tract. The 152.05-acres tract is not being used. The tract includes access roads to other private lands as well as easements for telephone and electric power lines. The U.S. Government owns mineral rights on approximately 112.05 acres of the 152.05-acre tract.

Ownership along the lands contiguous to the park is held as follows: (1) The lands to the north are within the purview of Custer State Park, an area managed as a scenic wildlife park; (2) The lands to the east consist of private and State owned and are not visible from within the park due to the height of Boland Ridge; (3) Lands to the south and southeast consist of several cattle ranches (one--Sanson--is presently for sale) ; and, (4) The lands to the west are mostly managed as part of the Black Hills National Forest--with the exception of a few small ranches.

As was stated previously (in Legislative and Administrative Requirements) , the State of South Dakota owns the mineral rights on all of Section 16 (5S, 6E) , an area entirely within the park's boundary. However, the U.S. Government also holds the mineral rights on Section 25 (5S, 6E) , which is in State ownership. Attempts are under way now to exchange the mineral rights .

Also included in the section on Legislative and Administrative Requirements is information on a 10 -foot wide easement that originates at the "water supply area" which is approximately 2 miles from the park's west boundary. The easement runs slightly over 2 miles through private property—property that is subject to sale and development. Contact must be maintained with the landowner and vigilance provided to protect against encroachment on this easement.

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Within a 150-mile radius consisting of western South Dakota, eastern Wyoming and the, Nebraska panhandle, the population is approximately 150,000. The Black Hills area is a popular vacation spot for travelers going west on Interstate 90 or coming from the south via several routes. One of these routes, U.S. 385, is a major access to and through the park and is traveled by over 1 million people a year. Approximately 10 to 15 percent of the vehicular traffic on this route stops at the park facilities and partake of interpretive services while enroute to other destinations within the geographical vicinity. Some of these sites include:

Mount Rushmore National Memorial, South Dakota

Jewel Cave National Monument, South Dakota

Badlands National Park, South Dakota

Devils Tower National Monument, Wyoming

Fort Laramie National Historic Site, Wyoming

Scotts Bluff National Monument, Nebraska

Agate Fossil Beds National Monument, Nebraska

Chimney Rocky National Historic Site, Nebraska

Fort Robinson State Park, Nebraska

Custer State Park, South Dakota

Wounded Knee National Historical Landmark, South

Dakota Angostura Lake State Park, South Dakota Black Hills National Forest, South Dakota.

Presently, the National Park Service, the U.S. Forest Service, South Dakota State Parks Division, Custer State Park, and Fort Meade National Recreation Area are developing an Interagency Trail System for recreation use commencing in 1989. Referred to as the "Centennial Trail," it will cross the aforementioned jurisdictions and cover a distance of approximately 110 miles; it will provide recreationists with a variety of experiences as well as a combination of philosophical approaches in recreation and resource management by the involved agencies.

Public transportation in the immediate vicinity of the park is either nonexistent or extremely limited. The nearest center for bus service is Rapid City, 55 miles from the park. A bus route heading south from Rapid City includes a stop at Maverick Junction on State Road 79 and is 15 miles from the park; however, there is no form of public transportation from there to Hot Springs. Rail service is available at Cheyenne, Wyoming (225 miles to the south). Rapid City is

18

the nearest locale where air service is available. Three airlines — Frontier , Western, and United- -provide passenger services. Rental vehicles and charter buses are also available at Rapid City.

The economy of the immediate vicinity of the park (Fall River, Custer, and Pennington Counties) is primarily based on ranching, tourism, and government installations. Ranching and tourism may take a juxtaposed position depending on the area referred to. For example, Custer County derived 65 percent of its economy from tourism in 1984 and from ranching, government, and other activities in descending order.' In Hot Springs, the principal economic generator is the Veterans Administration Medical Center--ranching, tourism, and other activities take a subordinate role.'

The picture changes as it applies to Rapid City--a more viable community which remains the hub of commercial and economic activity for the Black Hills.

Economic and development activity for the Black Hills area is being planned and guided through the Black Hills Council of Local Governments whose headquarters is in Rapid City. The Council is "managed as a technical assistance organization which serves local governments with problems that local governments identify." The geographical area served by the council consists of 11 counties including Fall River and Custer. The organization has developed an "Overall Economic Development Plan" that concentrates on economic generators — tourism has been identified as the element of greatest potential. Among the ideas being discussed, or plans being developed, is one of designating, through local and State channels, U.S. 385 from Hot Springs to Lead-Deadwood as a "Parkway." This parkway would enhance tourism within the sphere of influence of U.S. 385.

D. VISITOR USE ANALYSIS

The Annual Visitation 1985 chart covers the period from

1973 to 1985 and lists annual visitation by year. The data extends past the 10-year requirement because of the significant effect of the "gas crisis" years of

1974 and 1975. Following those years, visitation levels have lapsed into what appears to be a 3-year cycle of increasing visitation--1985 is the beginning year. It will be interesting to note if the cycle repeats over the next 2 years. Recently, gasoline

19

prices have plummeted to the lowest point in many years following the drop in price of crude oil which has been recently depressed by very high supply.

The 100-unit Elk Mountain campground at Wind Cave, operated on a nonreservation basis, is one of the best-kept secrets in the Black Hills with very few full nights in its entire history. The "Monthly Campground Use 1985" graph shows 4 months of no use followed by increasing use during the same general period in which the park experiences an increase in travel. For the 2 months of October and November, use level is strongly influenced by the National Outdoor Leadership School which has a Cooperative Agreement with the park for assisting with cave projects. Their students camp in the campground during the period that National Outdoor Leadership School is in the park.

The visitor center, constructed in the mid-19301 s, was expanded and rehabilitated in 1979-1980 to provide adequate facilities for present-day use. The Monthly Visitation 1985 graph illustrates the visitation year of the park. This graph also supports what is locally recognized as the "tourist season" which starts about the middle of May and is essentially over by Labor Day. This particular pattern is intimately tied to early opening of schools in the State of South Dakota. It is not unusual to have school in full session on the last week of August. This could be expected to change with current legislation being debated at the State level. If the school year was to be moved back approximately 2 weeks, the visitation in September would likely increase while visitation in June would be radically affected.

Precise daily-use figures are difficult to obtain as visitation calculations are based on a combination of cave tour attendance and traffic counts. The best figures show an average of 6,404 visits daily for the month of July--the busiest month. Average daily visits for the period of highest visitation (mid-May through mid-September) are Sunday (5,690), Monday (6,030), Tuesday (5,880), Wednesday (5,370), Thursday (4,880), Friday (4,880), and Saturday (4,970). In arriving at these figures using the "60 percent of overall visitation" formula, daily visitation is affected by the Memorial Day holiday such that Monday becomes the busiest day. Actual figures by day show that Tuesday

20

is busier by at least 10 percent in July while Monday dominates in May, August, and September. Monday and Tuesday are even in June.

The chart for "Visitor Use Patterns 1985" reflects what is known and surmised on this subject. There are two peaks—one in July and one in August. It also reinforces what was mentioned previously about the early return to school in South Dakota. Also instructive is the fact that the last full week in May is busier than the first week in September even though they both contain national holidays.

On the "Visitor Use Patterns" graphic, the odd days in the months which would make up a portion of a fifth week were deleted. Also, note the level of visitor use for any week will not equal the total park travel for that week. This is because cave tour attendance was used to generate these use figures. While the graph does not show total park travel, it does reflect trends in travel which occurred over that period.

ANALYSIS OF PARK USERS AND USE PATTERNS

1. Visitation Analysis by Selected Categories of Users :

a. Breakdown by age

30 percent children 0-12 years

10 percent teenagers 13 - 17 years

50 percent adults 18 - 61 years

10 percent senior citizens 62+

b. Breakdown by group affiliation

1 percent alone 15 percent peer group

9 percent organized tour 50 percent nuclear family 15 percent extended family

5 percent multiple family

5 percent partial family

0 percent other

c. Breakdown by special population membership

1 percent handicapped

1 percent non-English speaking 3 percent minority.

21

2. Visitation Analysis by Origin-Destination Pattern:

a. Breakdown by point of 'origin

15 percent local residents 60 percent regional residents 25 percent national

b. Breakdown of destination/duration of stay

10 percent home-based day users 90 percent through-visitors 95 percent day use only 5 percent overnight visitors.

3. Visitation Analysis by Site and Activity Selection:

a. Breakdown by area and facilities used

80 percent incidental to park's primary

resources 20 percent based on park's primary resources

0 percent dependent on park's primary resources.

b. Breakdown by Interpretation and Visitor Services program use

55 percent use information-orientation and/or

nonpersonal services 40 percent attend personally conducted or

presented activities 5 percent nonprogram users.

4. Seasonal Use Variations:

82 percent summer

9 percent fall

1 percent winter 8 percent spring.

Summer use includes a greater percentage of children, family groups, and national travelers. Not surprisingly, summer is also the time of greatest program usage.

22

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ANNUAL VISITATION Wind Cave National Park

E. FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT ANALYSIS

The facilities and equipment under the park's care and use is listed individually in some cases and as an aggregate in others.

Nonhistoric Roads and Trails

Surfaced Roads - Primary

U.S. 385; State Road 87; north-south headquarters access roads; picnic area; Rankin Ridge. Total: 16.76 miles

Surfaced Roads - Secondary

Roads to housing areas (two); service road to maintenance facilities. Total: 0.83 miles

Unsurfaced, Graded Roads - Primary

Three National Park Service-county roads. Total 12.6 miles

Unsurfaced, Graded Roads - Secondary

Mixing circle road; water reservoir road; water well road. Total: 3.5 miles

Class 3, Ungraded Fire Roads

Ten fire roads for a total of 19.8 miles

Trails (Unsurfaced)

Rankin Ridge Trail (Designated National Scenic Trail System); Campground Trail. Total: 2.01 miles

Trails (Surfaced)

Asphalt trails and walks in headquarters area, housing area, campground, amphitheater, waysides, and pullouts. Total: 1.3 miles

Historic Trails

Cave Trail (on List of Classified Structures and National Register of Historic Places) :

Surfaced 4,011 linear feet; unsurfaced 3,331 linear feet.

25

Nonhistoric Buildings and Facilities

Eight-unit apartment: 181 feet 8 inches by 24 feet by 8 inches; fair condition; seasonal employee housing.

Four-unit apartment: 96 feet .8 inches by 24 feet 8 inches; fair condition; seasonal employee housing.

Mobile homes (five): various sizes; fair condition; seasonal employee housing.

Campground tender's home: 25 feet by 27 feet; fair condition; seasonal employee housing.

Comfort stations (five): 20 feet by 11 feet; fair condition; public rest rooms.

Modular homes (two): 48 feet by 27 feet; new; permanent/ seasonal employee housing.

Well pump house

Campground water pump house

Spring-water system chlorinator house

Cabin: 24 feet by 20 feet; good condition; shelter at wildlife facility.

Wildlife Facility

Holding and/or separating pens, circular corral, runway, and squeeze chutes.

Wildlife Fence

Approximately 35 miles of 7-foot, woven-wire fence encloses the park's boundary; 4.5 miles of 7-foot, woven wire fence which serves as an exclosure around park headquarters; and an additional 1.5 miles of wing fences and pasture enclosures at the wildlife facility.

Utility Systems

Electrical Systems (two)

Surface: Owned and maintained by Black Hills Power-Light Company.

Cave Electrical System: Owned and maintained by

the National Park Service, consists of 7 miles of cable and 550 fixtures.

26

Water System

Spring System: Headworks 2 miles west of park

boundary; consists of 14-foot deep spring box at "Water Supply Area," 1 mile of 6-inch cast iron pipe, a 7-foot by 10-foot concrete box at the "Middle Springs Area," 1 mile of 8-inch cast iron pipe to park boundary, and series of pipe through a sand filter.

Well Area: (Located in Wind Cave Canyon on east

side of the park) 759-foot deep; 8-inch casing; submergible pump; 565 , 000-gallon reservoir; 20 , 000-gallon storage reservoir; 4,480 feet - 6 inch; 6,600 feet - 4 inch; 3,550 feet - 2 inch; 3,200 feet - 3/4 inch; and 230 feet - 1-inch water lines.

Sewer System

Headquarters area: 4,320 feet of main sewer and

lateral line, 3,800 feet of 8-inch sewer main; 3/4 acre sewer treatment lagoons.

Campground: Six (6z) 11 , 000-gallon septic tanks with connecting lines from comfort stations.

Campground: Six (6) 11 , 000-gallon septic tanks

with connecting lines from comfort stations.

Radio System - 170.050 MHz with 103.50 Hz Channel Guard

90-watt base station on Elk Mountain 10 base station (remotes)

13 mobile units, 22 portable, 5-, 15-, and 20-watt hand units 9 desk/mobile chargers, two 10-unit chargers at Jewel Cave (same frequency and channel guard) 65-watt base station 5 base station (remotes)

4 mobile units, ten 5-watt portable hand units

5 desk/mobile chargers, two 10-unit chargers.

Equipment and/or Automobiles

Snowblower, 1942 Ford, poor condition Case (680) tractor, 1984, loader/backhoe , good condition

27

John Deere (310B) tractor, 1983, with 8-foot back

blade, good condition John Deere (570A) grader, 1973, good condition Auxiliary power plan, 1979, good condition Air compressor, 1984, good condition Rosco road broom, 1960, fair condition Oil distributor, 1984, good condition 5-ton, steel-face roller, 1984, good condition Sander (truck mount), 1977, fair condition Chip spreader, truck mount, fair condition Road striper, model 1401, paint marker, fair

condition Concrete mixer, three-point hitch, fair condition Power lawn sweeper, fair condition 7-ton, tilt-bed trailer, good condition GMC , 4 -ton dump truck w/snow plow, 1982, good

condition GMC, 4-ton dump truck, 1975, fair-poor condition GMC, 2-1/2-ton stake-bed truck, 1982, good

condition Haulster-Cushman Scooter, 1979, good condition two 4x2, 1/2-ton Dodge pickup, 1979, good

condition 4x4, 1/2-ton Chevrolet pickup, 1975, fair

condition 4x2, 3/4-ton Chevrolet pickup, 1979, good

condition 6x6 Reo tanker truck, 1951, poor condition 4x4, 1/2-ton Dodge truck, 1983, good condition 4x4, 1-ton Dodge fire pumper, 1982, good condition 4x4, 1-ton Chevrolet fire pumper, 1979, fair

condition 4x4, 1-ton International (fire engine), 1971, good

condition 4x2, 1/2-ton Chevrolet Luv pickup, 1979, fair

condition Chevrolet Citation, 4-door sedan, 1983, good

condition Chevrolet Citation, 4-door sedan, 1983, patrol

car, good condition Chevrolet Cavalier, station wagon, 1984, good

condition.

Historic Structures

These structures are on the List of Classified Structures:

Administration Building - Consists of Administra- tive Offices, Natural History Association Head- quarters and sales area, Visitor Center, and food

28

services — gift shop concessions; Condition, fair; IDLCS 10740; Structure Number HS-01

Beaver Creek Bridge - Fair condition, IDLCS No. 10761, structure number HS-99

CCC Cave Structure - good condition, IDLCS No. 10756, structure number HS-96

CCC Headquarters -Bunkhouse - poor condition, IDLCS No. 10758, structure number HS-27

CCC Stone Walls and Steps - fair condition, IDLCS No. 10757, structure HS-97

Recreation Hall - condition fair, IDLCS No. 10755, structure number HS-15

Elevator Building - fair condition, IDLCS No. 10754, structure number HS-02

Structural Fire Truck Garage - fair condition, IDLCS No. 10748, structure number HS-12

Vehicle Garage - fair condition, IDLCS No. 10747, structure number HS-11

Garage, Carpenter Shop - fair condition, IDLCS No. 10751, structure number HS-17

Garage and Warehouse - fair condition, IDLCS No. 10752, structure number HS-18

Oil and Gas House, fair condition, IDLCS No. 10750, structure number HS-16

Old Superintendent's Residence, fair condition, IDLCS No. 10741, structure number HS-04

Paint Locker - fair condition, IDLCS No. 10753, structure number HS-30

Patrol and Storage - poor condition, IDLCS No. 10760, structure number HS-35

Pigtail Bridge - fair condition, IDLCS No. 10762, structure number HS-98

Residence - fair condition, IDLSC No. 10743, structure number HS-05

29

Residence - fair condition, IDLCS No. 10744, structure number HS-06

Residence - fair condition, IDLCS No. 10745, structure number HS-07

Residence - fair condition, IDLCS No. 10746, structure number HS-08

Superintendent's Residence - fair condition, IDLCS No. 10742, structure number HS-03

National Park Service Storage - fair condition, IDLCS No. 10749, structure number HS-13.

F.

STATUS OF PLANNING

Name of Plan/ Study

Preparer

Date Comment on Approved Adequacy Repository

Master Plan WODC

Resources Management

Plan Park

Cultural Component Park of the Cave Management Plan

Back-Country Use Plan Park

Collections Management

Plan Park

Interim Interpretative

Prospectus RMR

Fire Management Plan Park

Elk Management Plan Park

(Environmental

Assessment and Review)

Prairie Dog Management

Plan Park

Documented Safety Plan Park

Land Protection Plan Park

2/28/62 Obsolete

3/27/84 Current Draft

Draft

Draft

2/75 Obsolete

5/1/80 Current

2/22/80 Current

3/2/82 Current

8/29/85 Current

7/31/85 Current

DSC

Park Park

Park

Park

Park Park Park

Park Park Park

30

M

park boundary-fenced (total acreage 28,292.08)

paved road

unpaved road

natural zone (approx. 27,300 ac- 96.5%)

development zone (approx. 1000 ac-3.5%)

note: the entire cave system has been designated as natural zone including the area beneath the visitor center (development zone)

2 miles

■J

T	Golden West Telecommunications
	Co., Inc.
	Black Hills Power & Light Co.
r
w	water line

Existing Management Zoning

Wind Cave National Park

United States Department of the Interior National Park Service

sheet 1 of 2 101 I 80,017

June 86 I RMRO

Existing Management Zoning

Sub-Surface Resources Wind Cave National Park

United States Department of the Interior National Park Service

Elk Mtn. Campground

sewage lagoons

x mixing circle

buildings

main road

service road (paved)

unimproved road

park boundary

sheel 2 of 2

10 1 June 86

80,0 1 / HMRO

G. EXISTING MANAGEMENT ZONING

Wind Cave National Park consists of 28,292.08 acres within its authorized boundary and is divided into two zones--the Natural Zone and the Park Development Zone.

The Natural Zone comprises 96.5 percent (approximately 27,300 acres) of the surface acreage and the entire 44 miles of explored cave. Although the zoning map shows the Park Development Zone covering the park's visitor center/parking lot complex, portions of the cave are beneath this development complex (see zoning map).

The Park Development Zone (approximately 1,000 acres), comprises 3.5 percent of the remaining area in the park. This development zone consists of Elk Mountain Campground, the visJLtor center/parking lot access roads complex, employee quarters, maintenance facilities, picnic area, the corral-pasture area, and the well site. Also included in thi«s zone is the 100-acre water-catchment area with spring boxes which is detached from the main park boundary.

IV. MAJOR ISSUES

The park's wildlife management activities have been under scrutiny from various sectors, but most of th,e criticism has been generated by divisions and/or departments in State government. Some of these criticisms are based on State policies or regulations. In most instances, however, criticisms are due to misconceptions by State officials regarding the park's wildlife management policies , regulations , and procedures. The wildlife management action that has been the focus of much park-State discussion is the existence of brucellosis in the park's bison herd. State officials are concerned over the impacts that an "escape" of brucellosis from Wind Cave could have on Custer State Park's bison management program as well as commercial livestock activities. Thus, the park's bison herd is presently under a quarantine imposed by the State's Livestock Sanitary Board because of brucellosis. Until the quarantine is lifted, surplus bison can only be slaughtered and their meat made available to Indian populations through the Bureau of Indian Affairs. The quarantine was imposed in 1982. Since the fall of 1984, special efforts have been made by the park through Natural Resource Preservation funding to eradicate brucellosis from the herd. So

33

far, the efforts have not met U.S. Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service criteria and the State's concerns continue. Thus, the park is in the process of amending the current program to include a higher percentage of testing of mature bison bulls. The future of the bison-surplus-disposal program hinges on the acceptance or rejection of the amended brucellosis eradication program by the State's Livestock Sanitary Board.

Although the elk herd is not under quarantine, disposal of surplus animals to other governmental or Indian entities is being limited to intrastate live transplant. The reluctance by the State of South Dakota, as well as other neighboring States, to allow interstate transportation is based to some extent on the presence of brucellosis in the bison herd. This matter could be alleviated somewhat upon resolution of the bison brucellosis issue.

The prairie dog management program in the park focuses not on eradication but on prairie dog town acreage reduction. In essence, the park desires to limit the size and location of its dogtowns . This program is viewed by State officials and neighboring ranchers as running contrary to their interest which is eradication of the prairie dog. The park is presently developing a public information posture that will keep the State and local public informed on the park's progress on prairie dog control activities as well as results of the ongoing research programs.

With these issues in mind, the park is mounting an education program with the various State officials- including Custer State Park--in order to inform them of the park's policies, procedures, programs, and more importantly the legislative mandate.

The park's cave resources, the principal reason for the establishment of the park, are seemingly of infinite extent and expanse. For the first 60-plus years, the cave resources were limited to about 10 miles of explored passages. Since 1965, the explored area has grown by another 34 miles. During the period from establishment to 1983, the management of cave resources was not specifically planned. At the present, the park is undertaking a systematic exploration and survey process that complements the concepts being advanced in the draft Cave Management Plan. It is imperative that

34

a well-formulated, well-articulated, and scientif- ically-based plan be developed. Subsequent to the plan and its attendant research needs-assessment, a well- coordinated research program should be implemented. An area of particular attention should be on the effects of surface activities on subsurface resources. Other factors will also have to be addressed, such as human impact, air circulation enhancement or restriction, organisms in the cave, and cave evolution.

Another element of equal concern is the lack of a cultural resource assessment of the entire surface of the park and historic portions of the cave. A study, conducted in 1963, concluded that the cultural resources for the park are limited. However, since that time, many previously unknown cultural resources have been discovered using only casual approaches. Modern criteria as to what constitutes cultural resources as well as improved technologies for their detection, study, and preservation dictate that the park is in need of a fresh new assessment of its cultural resources. Native American presence--their relationship to the Black Hills in general and to Wind Cave in particular—has to be addressed. The park is presently developing the cultural resources component of the Resources Management Plan. This plan will enable the park to identify the gaps and specify the studies needed for a comprehensive cultural resources management program.

In conjunction with the above, the park is also in need of an administrative history. The administration of the park has been extensive, and the presence of a separate entity (the National Game Preserve) administered by a different department (Agriculture) complicates the history of the evolution of managerial activity.

On a slightly different subject, the park is at a juncture of having to decide what to do with the detached western water supply area. The facilities and developments associated with this system date from the 1920 's. Presently, this system is not used but is viewed as a back-up system in the event that the deep well water supply source on the east side of the park should temporarily be shut down due to malfunctions or for maintenance requirements. In the meantime, a neighborly relationship should be maintained with the landowner whose property borders the western water

35

supply area and upon whose land the 2 -mile water conveyance pipeline right-of-way and access easement traverses .

Although not necessarily an immediate concern, the park needs remain vigilant over the 232 acres that are privately owned within the southern boundary of the park. Any visual impact, due to any developmental activity, would be detrimental to the visitor experience .

During the 99th Congress, a bill (S-1453) was introduced in the Senate that would establish a "Black Hills National Park" which would consist of all the federal public land in the area including Wind Cave National Park. This bill is the most recent attempt to settle the long-standing claim that the "greater" Sioux Nation has to the Black Hills. The park would be managed by the Sioux. The congressional delegation for the State of South Dakota does not support the bill.

Finally, the lack of a General Management Concept Plan and an up-to-date Interpretive Prospectus is stifling the long-term management initiatives for the park. The existing Master Plan and the Interim Interpretive Prospectus are obsolete and virtually useless in directing managerial decision making.

V. MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES

A. MANAGEMENT AND ADMINISTRATION

1. To secure timely and adequate funding for appropriate staffing levels and for facilities needed.

2. To maintain a harmonious, well-defined, and well- directed management environment that enhances achievement of the area's stated objectives.

3. To cooperate with other National Park Service areas in the Black Hills, other Federal agencies, the Oglala Sioux Tribe, the State of South Dakota and the County of Custer in matters associated with overall park overations.

4. To maintain liaison with local chambers of commerce, touristic associations, civic organizations, and pertinent individuals for the purpose of coordinating park and neighboring area activities.

36

5. To provide support to other divisions in routine operation of the park and in achieving long-term objectives.

6. To achieve a higher level of efficiency through more extensive use of automated systems.

7. To utilize all categories of management efficiency to the maximum extent.

B. CONCESSIONS

1. To provide quality souvenirs reflective of a National Park Service area and the geographical region.

2. Enhance the visitors' ability to enjoy their visit through the provision of a quality food service operation.

C. INTERPRETATION

1. To provide visitors with quality interpretive activities and information and media that is representative of the park's diverse resources that will increase their understanding and appreciation of the natural world and provide support for the National Park Service's programs and mission.

2. To provide all park visitors with easy access to a variety of information and orientation resources in the form of brochures, exhibits, publications, or personal services which facilitate traveling through and around the park in a safe, enjoyable manner.

3. To enhance park interpretive media and activities through an active publications and sales program by the Wind Cave-Jewel Cave Natural History Association. The sales items will address a wide variety of the park's resources and themes.

k. To protect park resources by providing visitors with a variety of services, activities, and information that will enhance visitor appreciation and understand- ing of those resources, their interrelationships and values, and the importance of the National Park System.

5. To provide information and opportunities for visitors to interact with potentially dangerous, unfamiliar, or fragile resources without damage to the resource or themselves.

37

6. To motivate visitors to develop skills necessary to enjoy the underground and surface environments at several different experience levels.

7. To provide for exchange of information and opinions between park visitors, other concerned publics, and park management through avenues such as, press releases, seminars, public service announcements, interviews, or meetings.

D. CULTURAL RESOURCES

1. To maintain historic structures in a condition representative of a selected time period and within the framework of all appropriate guidelines.

2. To locate, catalog, and conserve archeological resources through an active research program.

3. To ensure the conservation of specimens in the park study collections through applying appropriate museum guidelines and policies.

E. CAVE RESOURCES

1. To establish guidelines, procedures, and regulations which ensure the perpetuation of cave resources while allowing controlled access.

2. To protect and perpetuate the natural systems and conditions which exist in Wind Cave.

3. To ensure that the efforts of cooperating individuals or entities are coordinated and in concert with the needs of park management.

4. To integrate the surface and subsurface resources of the park, particularly in regards to the location of present or planned surface developments.

F. RESOURCES MANAGEMENT AND VISITOR PROTECTION

1. To maintain the flora and fauna in a state representative of that found under pristine conditions.

a. To maintain wildlife populations at a level where plant species as communities are not impacted or their recovery or rehabilitation are not impeded. (Population limits: Elk, 300 to 500; bison, 300

38

to 420; and prairie dogs, acreage limited between 700 and 800 acres. Other species are self- regulatory. )

b. To utilize fire as a management tool; to maintain original plant species and communities free of exotic plant presence or encroachment.

2. To avail the park to educators, from elementary through university levels as a valuable educational resource.

3. To encourage researchers from other agencies and universities to utilize the park for scientific studies of the endemic flora and fauna.

4. To conduct research on native plants for the establishment of guidelines to assist in:

a. Restoring native plant communities

b. Rehabilitating lands modified by pre-park agricultural activities

c. Restoring shrubs and hardwood stands which were impacted by wildlife some 15 to 20 years ago.

5. To research the surface water resources in order to establish their physical and biological characteristics as a means of establishing and implementing water management programs.

6. To research to park paleontological resources from pleistocene and earlier times in order to understand the history of present-day flora and fauna and provide for appropriate protection.

7. To provide direction to the promote guidance and control of public use and recreation activities through appropriate signing, informational handouts, and contacts to promote visitor and resource protection.

8. To insure procedures, guidelines, and action plans are accurate and up-to-date to facilitate direction and emergency response for both park and neighboring residents .

9. To cooperate and maintain communication with other agencies and judicial officials to ensure mutual understanding of jurisdictions, capabilities, and expertise .

39

10. To ensure the maintenance and enhancement of the park's Class I clean air status through:

a. Identification of air quality related values (AQRVs) , such as, endangered, endemic, or sensitive flora and fauna; scenic resources and important views; cultural and archeological resources;

b. Review of Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) permit applications and other Federal agencies' Environmental Impact Statements (EISs);

c. Monitoring of visibility, ambient air quality, and other air quality parameters; and

d. Cooperation with other Federal, State, and local governmental agencies and private concerns regard- ing activities which could impact the park's air quality.

G. MAINTENANCE

1. To employ a maintenance management system that ensures efficiency in operation and a proactive approach to facility management.

2. To maintain the park's physical plant in a state of repairs that ensures visitor safety and longevity of facilities .

3. To provide for developmental projects in consonance with the park's planning documents as well as cultural resources preservation and environmental concerns .

40

8. Wind Cave Hational Park

Act of January 9, 1903, setting apart certain lands in South Dakota as

Wind Cave National Park 123

Act of March 4, 1931, extending the boundaries of Wind Cave National

Park 124

An Act To set apart certain lands in the State of South Dakota as a publlo park* to be known as the " Wind Cave Hational Park," approved January 9, 1903 (32 Stat. 765)

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa- tives of the United States of America in Congress assem- bled, That there are hereby reserved from settlement, entry, sale, or other disposal, and set apart as a public park, all those certain tracts, pieces, or parcels of land lying and being situate in the State of South Dakota and within the boundaries particularly described as follows: Beginning at the southeast corner of section thirteen, township six south, range five east, Black Hills meridian, South Dakota; thence westerly, to the southwest corner of the southeast quarter of section sixteen, said township ; thence northerly along the quarter-section lines to the northwest corner of the northeast quarter of section four, said township ; thence easterly to the southwest corner of section thirty-four, township five south, range five east; thence northerly to the northwest corner of said section; thence easterly to the northeast corner of section thirty- one, township five south, range six east ; thence southerly along the section lines to the southeast corner of section seven, township six south, range six east; thence westerly to the southwest corner of said section ; thence southerly to the southeast corner of section thirteen, township six south, range five east, the place of beginning: Provided, That nothing herein contained shall be construed to affect any valid rights acquired in connection with any of the lands embraced within the limits of said park. (U.S.C., title 16, sec. 141.)

Sec. 2. That said park shall be known as the " Wind Cave National Park ' and shall be under the exclusive control of the Secretary of the Interior, whose duty it shall be to prescribe such rules and regulations and estab- lish such service as he may deem necessary for the care and management of the same. (U.S.C., title 16, sec. 142.)

Sec. 3. That the Secretary of the Interior be, and is hereby, authorized, in the exercise of his discretion, to" rent or lease, under rules and regulations to be made by him, the cavern underlying the above-described lands, and also pieces and parcels of ground within said park

123

for the erection of such buildings as may be required for the accommodation of visitors. (U.S.C., title 16, sec 143.)

Sec. 4. That all funds arising from such rentals or leases shall be covered into the Treasury of the United States as a special fund to be expended in the care and improvement of said park. (U.S.C., title 16, sec. 144.)

Sec. 5. That in cases in which a tract covered by an un perfected bona fide claim or by a patent is included within the limits of this park, the settler or owner thereof may, if he desires to do so, relinquish the tract to the Government and secure other land, outside of the park, in accordance with the provisions of the law relating to the subject of such relinquishment of lands in forest reserves in the State of South Dakota. (U.S.C., title 16, sec. 145.)

Sec. 6. That all persons who shall unlawfully intrude upon said park, or who shall without permission appro- priate any object therein or commit unauthorized injury or waste in any form whatever upon the lands or other public property therein, or who shall violate any of the rules and regulations prescribed hereunder, shall upon conviction, be fined in a sum not more than one thousand dollars or be imprisoned for a period not more than twelve months, or shall suffer both fine and imprison- ment, in the discretion of the court. (U.S.C., title 16. sec. 146.)

An Act To extend the boundaries of Wind Care Hational Park. South Dakota, approved March 4, 1931 (48 Stat. 1518)

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa- tives of the United States of America in Congress assem- bled. That the boundaries of Wind Cave National Park in the State of South Dakota are hereby extended to include the lands within the east half of the southwest quarter, southeast quarter section 26, south half of sec- tion 25, east half of section 33, township 5 south, range- 5 east, and south half section 30, township 5 south, range 6 east, Black Hills meridian, South Dakota, comprising in part a part of the Harney National Forest. Such lands are hereby made a part of Wind Cave National Park, and shall hereafter be subject to all laws and regulations applicable to such park. (U.S.C., 6th supp., title 16, sec. 141a.)

41

August 10, 1912, Act Establishing Wind Cave National Game Preserve

SIXTY-SECOND CONGRESS. Sess. II. Ch. 284. 1912.

For the establishment of a national game preserve, to be known as the Wind Cave National Game Preserve, upon the land embraced within the boundaries of the Wind Cave National Park, in the State of South Dakota, for a permanent national range for a herd of buffalo to be presented to the United States by the American Bison Society, and for such other native American game animals as may be placed therein. The Secretary of Agriculture is authorized to acquire by purchase or condemnation such adjacent lands as may be necessary For the purpose of assuring an adequate, permanent water supply. and to enclose the said game preserve with a good and substantial fence and to erect thereon all necessary sheds and buildings for the proper care and maintenance of the said animals, twenty-six thousand dollars, to be available until expended;

BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY.

Salaries, Bureau of Biological Survey: One biologist, who shall be chief of bureau, three thousand five hundred dollars; one chief clerk, one thousand eight hundred dollars; one clerk, class four; one clerk, class three; two clerks, class two; three clerks, class one; three clerks, at one thousand dollars each; two clerks, at nine hundred dollars each; one messenger, seven hundred ana twenty dollars; one photographer, one thousand three hundred dollars; one game warden, one thousand two hundred dollars; one draftsman, nine hundred dollars ; one messenger, messenger boy, or laborer^ four hundred and eighty dollars ; one laborer, six hundred dollars ; in all, twenty-five thousand one hundred dollars.

Genebal expenses, Bureau of Biological Survet: For sala- ries and employment of labor in the city of Washington and else- where, furniture, supplies, traveling and all other expenses necessary in conducting investigations and carrying out the work of the bureau, as follows:

42

20. Wind Cave National Park

Page

Addition to the park of the Wind Cave National Game Preserve

Excerpt from Act of June 15, 1935 98

Disposal of surplus buffalo and elk Act of June 16, 1938 98

Wind Cave National Game Preserve. S. Dak.

Abolished: trans- fer of property to Interior Department.

Excerpt from "An Act To amend the Migratory Bird Hunt- ing Stamp Act of March 16, 1934, and certain other Acts relating to game and other wildlife, administered by the Department of Agriculture, and for other purposes," ap- proved June 15, 1935 (49 Stat. 378, 383)

TITLE VI— TRANSFER OF WIND CAVE NATION- AL GAME PRESERVE TO THE DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR.

Section 601. That, effective July 1, 1935, the Wind Cave National' Game Preserve in the State of South Dakota, be, and the same is hereby, abolished, and all the property, real or personal, comprising the same is hereby transferred to and made a part of the Wind Cave National Park and the same shall hereafter be administered by the Secretary of the Interior as a part of said park, subject to all laws and regulations applicable thereto, for the purposes expressed in the Act of August 10, 1912 (37 Stat. 268-293), estab- lishing said game preserve. (16 U.S.C. sec. 141b.)

Wind Cave National Park.

Disposition of surplus buffalo and elk.

Deposit of receipts.

An Act To authorize the Secretary of the Interior to dispose of surplus buffalo and elk of the Wind Cave National Park herd and for other purposes, approved June 16, 1938 (52 Stat 708)

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the Secretary of the Interior is authorized, in his discretion and under regulations to be prescribed by him, to sell or otherwise dispose of the surplus buffalo and elk of the Wind Cave National Park herd.

Sec. 2. All moneys received from the sale of any such surplus animals, or products thereof, shall be deposited in the Treasury of the United States as miscellaneous receipts. (16 U.S.C. sec. 141c.)

98

43

24. Wind Cave National Park

Boundary revision and exchange of Custer ELDA lands for State-owned lands authorized , Aa* <* August 9, 1948 170

Wind Can National Tark. a. Dak. Boundary.

170

An Act To reylae the bonnriariea of Wind Care National Park In the State of South Dakota, and (or other purpose*, approved August Si 1948 (60 Stat. 970)

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa- tives of the United States of America in Congress assem- bled, That the boundary of the Wind Cave National Park is hereby established as follows :

Beginning at the southeast corner of section 13, town- ship 6 south, range 5 east; thence west to the southwest corner of section 15, township 6 south, range 5 east ; thence north to the west quarter corner of section 10, township 8 south, range 5 east; thence to the north quarter corner of section 10, township 6 south, range 6 east; thence to the west quarter corner of section 2, township 6 south, range 5 east; thence north to the northwest corner of the south- west quarter of the northwest quarter of section 11, town- ship 5 south, range 5 eastj thence to the north quarter corner of section 11, township 5 south, range 5 east; thence to the northeast corner of the southeast quarter of the southeast quarter of section 2, township 5 south, range 5 east, thence east to the northeast corner of the southwest quarter of the southwest quarter of section 6, township 5 south, range 6 east; thence in a southeasterly direction to the southeast corner of the northeast quarter of section 7, township 5 south, range 6 east along a line to be mutually acceptable to the South Dakota Game, Fish, and Parks Commission and the Secretary of the Interior; thence from the southeast corner of the northeast quarter of section 7, township 5 south, range 6 east ; east to the north- east corner of the southwest quarter of section 12, town- ship 5 south, range 6 east; thence south to the northeast corner of the southeast quarter of the southwest quarter of section 12, township 5 south, range 6 east; thence east to the northeast corner of the southwest quarter of the southwest quarter of section 7, township 5 south, range 7 east ; thence south to the southeast corner of the southwest quarter of the southwest quarter of section 18, township 5 south, range 7 eastj thence west to the northeast corner of section 24, township 5 south, range 6 east; thence south to the southeast corner of section 24, township 5 south, range 6 east; thence west to the southwest corner of sec- tion 24, township 5 south, range 6 east; thence south to the southeast corner of the northeast quarter of the south- east quarter of section 35. township 5 south, range 6 east; thence west to the southwest corner of the northwest

quarter of the southwest quarter of section 35, township 6 south, range 6 east; thence south to the southeast corner of section 34, township 5 south, range 6 east; thence west to the southwest corner of the southeast quarter of the southwest quarter of section 33, township 6 south, range 6 east; thence north to the northeast corner of the north- west quarter of the southwest quarter of section 28, town- ship 6 south, range 8 east; thence west to the northwest corner of the southwest quarter of section 29, township 5 south, range 6 eastj thence south to the southeast corner of section 7, township 6 south, range 8 east; thence west to the southwest corner of section 7, township 6 south, range 6 east; thence south to the southeast corner of sec- tion 13, township 6 south, rango 5 east: tho point of beginning, and all of those lands lying within the bound- ary above described, together with the south half of the northeast quarter and the west half of the northeast quar- ter of the northeast quarter of section 32, township 5 south, rango 5 east, are hereby included in and mane a part of the Wind Cave National Tark and shall be subject to all laws and regulations applicable thereto. (18 U.S.C.§141a.)

, S*!C. 2. All those lands which by section 1 hereof are J^"^0.' excluded from the Wind Cave National Park as hereto- National fore1 constituted and those lands of the Custer Recrca- ,or' ' tional Demonstration Area lying in section 2, township 5 south, range 5 east. Black Hills meridian, are hereby included in and made a part of the Harney National Forest, and hereafter shall be Bubject to all laws and regulations applicable to the national forests.

Sr.c. 3. All those lands heretofore within the Custer Recreational Demonstration Area and which are not in- cluded within tho Wind Cave National Park by virtue of section 1 hereof, except those lands of the Custer Recrea- tional Demonstration Area lying in section 2, township 5 south, rango 5 east. Black Hills meridian, which are included within the Harney National Forest by virtue of section 2 horcof, shall bo conveyed by the Secretary of the Interior to the State of South Dakota for addition to tho Custer State Park for public park, recreational, and conservation purposes (subject, however, to a proviso that, the State of South Dakota will allow a minimum of ten thousand gallons of water per day to pass from springs or streams in these lands into the lands of Wind Cave National Park as herein described) as soon as all lands owned by the State of South Dakota lying within tho boundaries of the Wind Cave National Park as de- scribed in section 1 hereof are conveyed to the United States; and the southwest quarter of the southwest quar- ter of the southwest quarter of section 2, township 5 south, rango 5 east, Black Hills meridian, owned by the State of South Dakota, is conveyed to the United States to be included in the Harney National Forest as pro- vided in section 2 hereof: Provided, however, That sec- tion 25, township 5 south, range 6 east, of the Custer Recreational Demonstration Area shall be conveyed by the Secretary of the Interior to the State of South Dakota as State school lands.

CODTTTU

44

PUBLIC LAW 95-625— NOV. 10, 1978 92 STAT. 3467

Public Law 95-625 95th Congress

An Act

To autliorire additional appropriations tor tie acquisition of lands and interests No*- 10. 1978 la lands within the Sawtooth National Recreation Area in Idaho. [S. 791]

Be it enacted by tTie Senate and House of Representatives of the. United States of America in Congress assembled^ National Parka

and Recreation

SHORT TITLE AND TABLE OF CONTENTS AcI °' 1"78.

Section 1. This Act may be cited as the "National Parks and 16 USC 1 note Recreation Act of 1978".

PUBLIC LAW 95-625— NOV. 10, 1978 92 STAT. 3473

TITLE III— BOUNDARY CHANGES

REVISION OF BOUNDARIES

Sec. 301. The boundaries of the following units of the National Appropriation Park System are revised as follows, and there are authorized to be »u"iorizations. appropriated such sums as may be necessary, but not exceed the amounts specified in the following paragraphs for acquisitions of lands and interests in lands within areas added by reason of such revisions:

PUBLIC LAW 95-625— NOV. 10, 1978 92 STAT. 3475

[21") Wind Cave National Park. South Dakota : To add approx- imately two hundred and twenty-eight acres as generallv depicted on the map entitled "Boundary Map, Wind Cave National Park, South Dakota", numbered 108-80,008, and dated Julv 1977- $227,000. J

39-139 (Ma) O - 78 - 2

45

CHAPTER 258

(H. B. 253)

AUTHORIZING STATE TO RELINQUISH TO UNITED STATES ALL IN- TERESTS IN CERTAIN HIGHWAYS

AN ACT Entitled, An Act Authorizing Reliquishment to the United States of all the Interests of the State and Comities of South Dakota in Public High- ways Lying Within the Boundaries of Wind Cave National Park, the Cession of Jurisdiction for Highway Purposes over such Highways, and the Re- moval from the State Trunk Highway System of any portion of such High- ways and Declaring an Emergency.

Be It Enacted by the Legislature of the State of South Dakota:

Section 1. The State Highway Commission in the case of state highways, and the Board of County Commissioners of the proper county in the case of county highways,, .shall relinquish to the United States for use and construction and maintenance of the highways by the Secre- tary of the Interior through the National Park Service all of the interest of the State and County in such portions of public highways lying within the boundaries of the Wind Cave National Park. The relinquishment of interest in such highways shall operate as cession to the United States of jurisdiction for highways purposes over the highways.

Section 2. Whenever the State Highway Commission shall re- linquish the State Trunk Highway in accordance with Section 1 of this Act, the Commission without notice or hearing may pass a Resolution removing from the State Trunk Highway System of the State as much of the State Trunk Highway as may have been relinquished. Upon the passage of such a Resolution by the State Highway Commission and the filing of the Resolution in the Office of the Commission at Pierre, South Dakota, the portion of the State Trunk Highway relinquished, shall cease to be a part of the State Trunk Highway System. Relinquish- ments by Boards of County Commissioners, in accordance with Section 1 of this Act, shall be by Resolution of the Board concerned, without compliance, with any other Act providing for the vacation of county highways.

Section 3. Whereas, this Act is necessary for the immediate sup- port of the State Government and its existing public institutions, an Emergency is hereby declared to exist and this Act shall be in full force and effect immediately after its passage and approval.

Approved March 8, 1947.

CHAPTER 259

(H. B. 288)

AUTHORIZING STATE TO CONVEY CERTAIN LANDS IN CUSTER COUNTY

TO UNITED STATES

AN ACT Entitled. An Act Authorizing the Governor to Execute Proper Instru. ments of Conveyance Transferring Certain State-Owned Lands in Custer County to the United States of America Pursuant to an Exchange Agree- ment and an Act of Congress Authorizing Such Exchange.

Be It Enacted by the Legislature of the State of South Dakota:

Section 1. The Governor is authorized to issue proper instruments of relinquishment or conveyance transferring all of the right, title, and in- terest of the State of South Dakota to the United States with respect to the State-owned lands referred to in the Act of Congress approved August 9, 194G (Public Law 708, 79th Cong.) relating to Wind Cave Na- tional Park. This conveyance of lands consisting of approximately 679.42 acres in Custer County, South Dakota to the United States is authorized to be made for the purpose of effecting the State and Federal land ex- change pursuant to the aforesaid Act of Congress.

Approved March 8, 1947. 46

CHAPTER 260

(S. B. 67)

AUTHORIZING EXCHANGE OF CERTAIN LANDS WITHIN WIND CAVE NATIONAL PARK

AN ACT Entitled, An Act Authorizing the Exchange of Certain Land Belonging to the Permanent School Fund, Within Wind Cave National Park in Custer County, South Dakota, for Certain Land in Custer County, South Dakota, of Like Area, Quality and Value, Belonging to the United States of America.

Be It Enacted by the Legislature of the State of South Dakota:

Section 1. The Board of School and Public Lands is authorized and empowered to exchange with the United States of America, through its Department of Interior, Section Sixteen (16), Township Five (5) South, Range Six (6), East of the Black Hills Meridian, in Custer County, South Dakota, the same being within the boundaries of Wind Cave National Park as now existing, and belonging to the Permanent School Fund of the State of South Dakota, for Section Twenty-five (25), Township Five (5) South, Range Six (6) East of the Black Hills Meridian, in Custer "County, South Dakota, the same being of like area, quality and value, as Hear as may be, belonging to the United States of America, and formerly within the Custer Recreational Demonstration Area. This exchange is authorized to be made for the purpose of effecting the State and Federal land exchange pursuant to the Act of Congress (Public Law 708, 79th Congress) approved August 9, 1946, relating to Wind Cave National Park.

Section 2. The Governor is hereby authorized to execute a proper conveyance covering said Section Sixteen (16), Township Five (5) South, Range Six (6) East of the Black Hills Meridian, in the name of the State of South Dakota, attested by the Commissioner of School and Public Lands, under seal of his office and deliver the same to the United State* through its Department of Interior, in return for a proper instrument oj conveyance to this State of the said Section Twenty-five (25), Township Five (5) South, Range Six (6) East of the Black Hills Meridian- Approved February 5, 1949.

47

CHAPTER 8

(S.B. 116)

JURISDICTION OVER CERTAIN LANDS CEDED AND ACCEPTED FROM FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

AN ACT

ENTITLED, An Act to cede concurrent jurisdiction to the United States over national park and monument land and to accept such jurisdiction over certain federal lands used for park and monument purposes.

BE IT ENACTED BY THE LEGISLATURE OF THE STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA:

Section 1. Concurrent jurisdiction over crimes and offenses under the laws of the state of South Dakota is hereby ceded to .the United States over and within all the territory dedicated to national park, national memorial and national monument purposes included in the tracts of land in South Dakota designated as:

(1) Mount rushmore national memorial;

(2) Badlands national park;

(3) Wind cave national park;

(4) Jewel cave national monument.

Section 2. The concurrent jurisdiction ceded by section 1 of this Act shall be vested upon acceptance by the United Slates by and through its appropriate officials and shall continue so long as the lands within the designated areas are dedicated to park purposes.

Section 3. The consent of the state is hereby given to the retrocession of exclusive jurisdiction by the United States over lands owned by the United States within the boundaries of badlands national park. The Governor may accept retrocession of jurisdiction for the state.

Section 4. Upon the establishment of concurrent jurisdiction the appropriate county sheriffs with the approval of the appropriate state's attorneys will develop memoranda of agreement with the park superintendents of the national park service areas in South Dakota.

Signed February 27, 1980

Wind Cave National Park

CHAPTER 373.

(S. B. 223)

CEDING CRIMINAL JURISDICTION TO U. S. RE WIND CAVE NATIONAL PARK.

AN ACT Entitled; An Act to Cede Criminal Jurisdiction to the United States Within Wind Cave National Park.

Be It Enacted by the Legislature of the State of South Dakota :

§1. From and after Ihe time when the United States by Act of Congress shall accept Ihe jurisdiction created hereby. That criminal jurisdiction in all cases of which exclusive juris- diction is vested in the United States is herebv ceded to the United States over the territory embraced within Wind Cave National Park: but legal process, civil and criminal of this state ?hall extend over such National Pork in all cases of which exclu- sive jurisdiction is not vested in the United States, or of crime not committed within the limits of such National Part

Approved March 9, 1917.

48

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