1^1 REPORT GOVERNOR OF THE TERRITORY OF HAWAII SECRETARY OP THE INTERIOR. 1 9 O 2. WASHINGTON: ll2 H Sy1 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1 902. REPORT GOVERNOR OF THE TERRITORY OF HAWAII SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 1 9 O 2. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1 902. REPORT GOVERNOR OF THE TERRITORY OF HAWAII. Executive Chamber, Territory of Hawaii, Honolulu, September 30, 1902. Sir: I have the honor to transmit, in response to your letter of July 5, the following report of the affairs, progress, and development of the Territory of Hawaii for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1902: POPULATION. From the United States Census Report for 1900, and other sources, I have obtained the following interesting data on this subject: Increase of population, by sexes, from 1890 to 1900. 1890. 1900. Increase. Per cent. 58, 714 31, 276 106, 369 47, 632 47, 655 16, 356 81.2 52.3 Total 89, 990 154, 001 64, 011 71.1 Percentage of sexes to whole population, 1890 and 1900. 1890. 1900. Males. 65.2 69.1 Females. 34.8 30.9 Distribution of population, by islands, in 1890 and 1900. Hawaii. Kauai and Nihau. Maui. Molokai, and Lanai. Oahu. 1890 26, 754 46, 843 11, 859 20, 734 20, 183 27, 920 31,194 1900 58,504 20, 089 S, 875 7. 737 27,310 4 REPORT OF GOVERNOR OF THE TERRITORY OF HAWAII. Number of females to 100,000 males, 1890 and 1900. 1890 53, 268 1900 44, 780 Relative decrease S, 4SS Population by sex, nativity, and race, 1900. Males 106, 369 Females 47, 632 Native born 63, 221 Foreign born 90, 780 Foreign white 12, 749 Total 154, 001 Native white: Native parents 37, 918 Foreign parents 16, 223 Chinese 25, 767 Japanese 61, 111 Negroes 233 The designation "Native white — native parents," used in the report of the United States Census for 1900, means native white persons hav- ing both parents native born, one parent native born, and one birth- place unknown, or both parents, birthplace unknown; while the desig- nation "Native white — foreign parents," means native white having one or both parents foreign born. Hawaiians and part Hawaiians are included with native-born white persons having one or both parents native born, as ""Native white." Increase of native and foreign born population from 1890 to 1900. 1890. 1900. Increase. Per cent. 48, 117 41,873 63, 221 90, 780 15, 104 48, 907 31.4 116. S Percentage of native and foreign born to whole population. Native born. Foreign born. 1890 53.5 41.1 46.5 1900 58.9 1890 Number of foreign bom to 100,000 native born. 87, 023 1900 143. 592 Relative increase 56, 569 Percentages of native white — native parents; native white — foreign parents; foreign white, and Chinese, Japanese, and negroes of total population, 1900. Native white — native parents 24. 6 Native white — foreign parents 10. 5 Foreign white 8. 3 Chinese, Japanese, and negroes 56. 6 REPORT OF GOVERNOR OF THE TERRITORY OF HA WAIT. 5 Percentage of native and foreign white of whole population for 1890 and 1900. Total white. Native white. Foreign white. Year. Native parents. Foreign parents. 1890 67.4 43.4 38.3 24.6 13.3 10.5 15.8 1900 8.3 This decrease is due to the large immigration of Chinese and Japa- nese, particularly the latter. Males and females of all nationalities in 1890 and 1900. Males. Females. Totals. 1890. 1900. 1890. 1900. 1890. 1900. 18, 364 3, 085 11,889 14, 522 10, 079 404 15, 642 3,971 16, 531 22, 296 47, 508 263 158 16, 072 3,101 8,811 779 2,281 184 14, 157 3,886 12, 288 3,471 13, 603 152 75 34, 436 6,186 20, 700 15, 301 12, 360 588 29, 799 7,857 28, 819 25, 767 61,111 415 233 371 48 419 Total 58, 714 106, 369 31,276 47, 632 89, 990 154, 001 Percentages of the sexes to toted number of each class. Males. Females. 1890. 1900. 1890. 1900. 53.3 49.9 57.3 94.9 68.7 81.5 52.5 50.5 57.4 86.5 63.4 77.7 67.8 46.7 , 47.5 50. 1 49. 5 42.7 5.1 31.3 18.5 42.6 13.5 36.6 22.3 32.2 88.5 11.5 Foreign-born population according to country of birth. Africa 22 Asia « 5 Atlantic islands 1, 156 Australia 130 Austria 225 Belgium 18 Canada, English 339 Canada, French 12 Central America 7 China 27,741 Cuba 4 Denmark 72 England 739 Finland 28 France 100 Germany 1, 154 Greece 55 Holland 19 Hungary 5 India 15 Ireland 225 "Except China, Japan, and India. Italy 58 Japan 5, 623 Mexico 24 Norway 198 Pacific islands b 593 Poland 72 Portugal 6, 512 Roumania Russia Scotland South America Spain Sweden S witzerland Turkey Wales West Indies Other countries At sea 2 58 427 33 202 140 28 4 21 26 10 67 Total 90,780 b Except Philippine Islands. 6 REPORT OF GOVERNOR OF THE TERRITORY OF HAWAII. Distribution of foreign-born population according to country of birth. CD QQ -a 3 -o • e s s = -a si c Islands. _c 5? ci c si B 2 •O a si "3> a a si g ■a "3 a p. is c s '3 si si fcc 0 a '= C -a a) o A 12 -3 fc fr, Pn CO w CO o Eh Hawaii .. 522 99 79 4,202 142 135 25 21, 314 31 a 49 2, 217 163 54 40 162 29,234 Maui and Lanai .. 154 64 9 2,988 49 71 15 10, 465 44 161 1,032 39 27 9 64 15, 191 Molokai . 12 2 77 fi 11 4 382 6 11 6 1 2 9 529 Oahu 392 36 238 11,209 507 603 172 14, 337 139 309 2,530 185 109 85 503 31,354 Kauai 76 26 11 3, 265 35 334 9 9,735 50 63 727 38 12 4 84 14, 469 1 1 1 3 a Except Philippine Islands. Number of Chinese and Japanese in 1890 and 1900. 1890. 1900. Increase. Per cent. Chinese 17, 002 12, 360 25, 767 61,111 8,765 48, 751 51.5 394.4 Number of Chinese, Japanese, and negro males and females, 1900. Chinese. Japanese. Negro. 22, 296 3,471 47,508 158 13,603 I 75 Total 25, 767 61, 111 233 1890 1900. Density of popidation to square mile, 1890 and 1900. Population of Honolulu, 1890 and 1900. 13.9 23.9 Males. Fe- males. Native born. Foreign born. White. Chi- nese. Japa- nese. Ne- groes. Total. 1890 22, 907 39, 306 1900 24, 746 14, 560 21, 876 17, 435 23, 916 9,061 6,179 147 Foreign-born population of Honolulu according to country of birth. Africa 8 Asia 1 Atlantic islands 329 Australia 91 Austria 34 Belgium 8 Canada (English) 225 Canada ( French ) 4 Central America 2 China 6, 842 Cuba 3 Denmark 48 England 468 Finland France Germany Greece Holland Hungary India Ireland Italy Japan Mexico Norway Pacific islands, except Philippine. 553 45 11 2 8 162 54 595 10 69 293 REPORT OF GOVERNOR OF THE TERRITORY OF HAWAII. Foreign-born population of Honolulu according to country of birth — Continued. Poland - 7 Portugal 2, 081 Roumania. Russia Scotland South America Spain Sweden 2 22 148 11 72 77 Switzerland Turkey Wales West Indies Other countries. Born at sea 10 3 13 18 2 18 Total 17, 435 Persons of school age 5 to 20 years, classified by nativity and race. Native born 25, 285 Foreign born 8, 489 Native white: Native parents 12, 798 Foreign parents 9, 061 Foreign white 1 , 968 Chinese and Japanese 9, 868 Negro 79 Total 33, 774 Percentage of native and foreign born, native white- — native parents, native white — foreign parents, Chinese, Japanese, and negroes of school age, for 1900. Native born 74. 9 Foreign born 25. 1 Native white: Native parents 37. 9 Foreign parents 26. 8 Foreign white 5. 8 Chinese, Japanese, and negroes 29. 5 Percentage of persons attending school of total persons 5 to 9, 10 to 14, and 15 to 20 years of age, respectively. 5 to 9 years 57. 7 10 to 14 years 84. 2 15 to 20 years 12. 3 Illiteracy in the population 10 years old and over. Males 31. 8 Females 36. 6 Native white 5. 9 Foreign white 43. 1 Chinese, Japanese, and negro 44. 4 Total 33. 1 Population 10 years old and over who can not speak English. Total pop- ulation 10 years old and over. Total. Native born. Foreign born. Males. Females. Males. Females. 23, 386 4,701 20, 898 381 22, 840 55, 397 165 10, 965 308 3,901 218 15, 996 47, 746 14 5,320 123 100 1 91 12 6 5,641 185 142 2 119 22 2 1 3 1,682 122 14, 405 38,181 6 1,977 South Sea Islanders 93 1,381 Japanese 9,531 Negroes Aggregate 127, 768 79, 148 5,653 6,113 54,397 12, 985 REPORT OF GOVERNOR OF THE TERRITORY OF HAWAII. Conjugal condition of the population 15 years of age and over. Total. Single. Married. Widowed. Divorced. Unknown. 88,450 30, 880 52,800 4,655 32, 464 24, 048 2,493 1,998 247 120 446 59 Percentage of single, married, widowed, divorced, and unknown men and women 15 years of age and over. Single. Married. Widowed. Divorced. Unknown. Men Women 59.7 15.1 36.7 77.9 2.8 6.4 0.3 .4 0.5 _ 2 Of males over 10 years old 90.4 per cent and of females over 10 3Tears old 17.6 per cent are engaged in occupations for profit. There were in 1900, 32,336 dwellings in the Territory, with an aver- age of 4.8 persons to a dwelling, and in the same year there were 29,763 private families with an average of 3.7 persons each. Total dwellings and private families in Honolulu and persons to a dwelling and to a family, 1900. Total population 39, 306 Total dwellings 6, 966 Private families 7, 161 Persons to a dwelling 5. 6 Persons to a private family 4. 5 Arrivals and departures of Chinese and Japanese for the year ending June 30, 1902. Chinese. Japanese. Total. - S3 53 a o a 2 2 o S .a o d 0J U 2 S o o5 a 2 o a> C ft 1-5 Grand total. 260 1,606 14 99 6 181 6,355 2, 992 560 3,877 732 32 668 607 8 280 1,886 10, 900 4,331 600 11,180 6,217 600 RECAPITULATION. Total arrivals. Total departures. Men. Women. Children. Men. Women. Children. Chinese 260 6,355 14 3,877 6 668 1,606 3,552 99 764 181 615 Total 6,615 3,891 674 5,158 863 796 NATIVE HAWAIIANS. Year. Hawaiians. Part Hawaiians. Total. Males. Females. Total. Males. Females. 1890 34, 436 31, 019 29, 799 18, 364 16, 399 15, 642 16, 072 14, 620 14, 157 6,186 8,485 7,857 3,085 4,249 3,971 3,101 1896 4,236 1900 3,886 REPORT OF GOVERNOR OF THE TERRITORY OF HAWAII. Arrivals and departures of Chinese and Japanese, etc. — Continued. PERCENTAGE. 1890. 1896. 1900. Males. Females. Males. Females. Males. Females. 53.3 49.9 46.7 50.1 52. 9 50.1 47.1 49.9 52.5 47.5 50. 5 49. 5 FINANCES. Appropriations. Appropria- tion. Drawn. Balance. Permanent settlements Office of the secretary of the Territory Judiciary department Department of the attorney-general Treasury department Department of public works Department of public instruction Commissioner of public lands Commissioner of agriculture and forestry Survey department Board of health Band Military Auditing department Fire claims commission Warrants outstanding, not presented June 30, 1901 Expenses extra session legislature, 1901 Unpaid bills and claims June 30, 1901 Outstanding contracts Total HJ17, 33, 167, 620, 426, 2,678, 84, 38, 34, 73, 621, 47. 20, 31, 1, 514, 176, 24, 100, 28, 000. 00 600. 00 420. 00 280. 00 620. 00 071. 58 475. 00 710. 00 632. 00 350. 00 166.-00 246. 00 070. 00 000. 00 750. 93 495. 45 223. 28 549. 36 373. 95 7,498,033.55 $7, 525. 00 7, 205. 70 86, 165. 35 260, 068. 97 133, 460. 16 705, 341. 78 309, 263. 01 13, 798. 80 12, 670. 33 30, 145. 34 227,799.23 18, 870. 83 7,895.09 12, 092. 13 12, 323. 55 175, 728. 67 24,213.17 92, 599. 93 22, 479. 95 $9, 475. 00 26, 394. 30 81, 254. 65 360, 211. 03 293, 159. 84 1,972,729.80 535,211.99 24, 911. 20 21,961.67 43, 204. 66 393, 366. 77 28, 375. 17 12, 174. 91 18, 907. 87 1.502,427.38 766. 78 10.11 7, 949. 43 5, 894. 00 2, 159, 646. 99 5, 338, 3Sti. 56 Cash statement July 1, 1901, to June 30, 1902, current account. RECEIPTS. Cash on hand July 1, 1901 Tax bureau: Oahu collections $926, 227. 56 Maui collections 186, 411. 97 Hawaii collections 363, 385. 65 Kauai collections 182, 081. 91 — $1, 658, 107. 09 Treasury collections: Licenses 142, 736. 25 Realizations 26, 024. 99 Revenue Stamps • 61, 095. 00 — — 229, 856. 24 Public instruction: Book account 4, 844. 60 Rents 1, 077. 50 Tuition fees 288. 00 6, 210. 10 Harbor master, Honolulu: Wharfage 56, 531. 97 Towage 1, 942. 65 Pilotage 33, 176. 09 91, 650. 71 Public works office: Rents 45, 433. 24 Realizations 5, 654. 43 Land sales 36, 459. 00 Sewerage 13, 999. 83 575, 994. 97 10 REPORT OF GOVERNOR OF THE TERRITORY OF HAWAII. Cash statement July 1 , 1901, to June SO, 1902, current account — Continued. receipts — continued. Public- works office — Continued. Excavator $8, 503. 40 Weights and measures 235. 25 Honolulu market 13, 432. 10 Garbage 4, 970. 50 $128, 687. 75 Fines and costs 82, 612. 65 Kerosene warehouse, Honolulu 5, 884. 44 Kerosene storage, Hilo 538. 22 Wharfage, Hilo 2, 664. 45 Honolulu waterworks 97, 501. 15 Hilo waterworks 6, 292. 20 Koloa waterworks 275. 00 Laupahoehoe waterworks 157. 50 Wailuku waterworks 4, 196. 75 Conveyance bureau 17, 658. 50 Land revenue 103, 886. 69 Land sales 13, 036. 49 Prison receipts 381. 80 Registry of brands 45. 00 Government realizations 20, 397. 08 Powder storage, Honolulu 2, 735. 60 Powder storage, Hilo 397. 40 Total receipts July 1, 1901, to June 30, 1902 $2, 473, 172. 81 EXPENDITURES. Permanent settlements $8, 500. 00 Secretary of Territory 8, 020. 42 Judiciary department 108, 077. 25 Treasury department 29, 531. 21 Auditing department 13, 451. 13 Conveyance bureau 9, 599. 47 Tax bureau 63, 300. 33 Public works department 776, 174. 72 Governor 30, 738. 13 Public grounds 7, 475. 26 Agriculture and forestry 14, 233. 00 Fire department 66, 937. 82 Survey department 33, 500. 44 Bureau of waterworks 63, 640. 10 Public lands commission 15, 950. 70 Attorney-general 309, 672. 62 Public instruction 376, 496. 26 Board of health 273, 809. 96 Total, being warrants issued by auditing department '. $2, 208, 108. 82 Warrants outstanding July 1, 1901 1 76, 495. 45 Total 2, 384, 604. 27 Less warrants outstanding June 30, 1902: Of last period 766. 78 Of this period 296, 661. 09 297, 427. 87 Balance, being amounts of warrants paid bv treasurv: "Of last period 175, 728. 67 Of this period 1, 911, 447. 73 2,087,176.40 REPORT OF GOVERNOR OF THE TERRITORY OF HAWAII. 11 Cash statement July 1, 1901, to June 30, 1902, current account — Continued. expenditures — continued. Interest on bonded debt,commission,etc. . $48, 257. 42 Expenses legislature, 1901 24, 213. 17 Land sales (transferred to special de- posit) 13, 036. 49 Road tax (transferred to special deposit) . . 89, 353. 00 Total, being amount of cash dis- bursements by treasury, other than by warrants $174,860.08 Total cash disbursements $2, 262, 036. 48 Cash on hand June 30, 1902 287, 131. 30 Loan fund account. Cash on hand July 1, 1901 $150. 17 Outstanding warrants paid 63. 22 Cash on hand June 30, 1902. 3.95 Subdivision of tax receipts. Real estate $532, Personal property 571, Insurance 3, Carriages 8, Carts and drays •. Road tax School tax Poll tax - 7, 92, 92, 46, Dog and dog tags 4, Ten per cent penalty 9, Advertising costs Income tax 287, Court costs 637. 09 248. 69 846. 00 540. 00 547. 00 594. 00 592. 00 299. 00 325. 19 586. 27 587. 15 366. 80 937. 90 Total 1, 658, 107. 09 Property subject to ad valorem taxes according to assessment appraisements. Real estate $52, 823, 352. 00 Personal estate 57, 565, 226. 00 Total 110, 388, 578. 00 Statement of bonded indebtedness from July 1, 1901, to June 30, 1902. Loan act of — October 15,1886... August 15, 1888 . . . October 24, 1890... September 7, 1892. January 1, 1893 . . . June 13, 1896 Total Balance July 1, 1901. 8990, 800 2,000 4,000 13, 800 6,000 936, 000 1, 952, 600 Paid by United States Government. «5, 800 2, 000 13, 700 6, 000 27, 500 Balance June 30, 1902. 8985, 00O 4,000 100 936, 00O 1,925,100- 12 KEPORT OF GOVERNOR OF THE TERRITORY OF HAWAII. ^Statement of settlements hi/ United States (invemment iu June 30, 1902. Amount of Hawaiian debt assumed by United States Government ... $4, 000, 000. 00 Amount of bonds taken up, Julv 1, 1901, to June 30, 1902 $27, 500. 00 Amount of bonds taken up previous to July 1, 1901. 2, 222, 800. 00 Total bonds taken up June 30, 1902. §2, 250, 300. 00 Amount paid to Postal Savings Bank depositors 764, 570. 31 Total settlement by United States Government 3, 014, 870. 31 Balance to be settled by United States Government 985, 129. 69 Total Hawaiian bonded debt for which the Territory of Hawaii re- mains liable 939, 970. 31 Comparative statement of taxes collected from all the taxation division*. Julv 1, 1899. to June 30, 1900. July 1,1900, ! July 1,1901, to to June 30, 1901. June 30, 1902. Real estate ' 3383, 030. 84 $444. 061. 63 3532, 637. 09 Personal property ; 377,730.12 490,392.69 571,248.69 Insurance tax : 2, 882. 60 I 3, 223. 65 3, 846. 00 Bogs and tags 6, 018. 85 i 4, 135. 86 4, 325. 19 Poll 69,303.00 I 49,922.00 46,299.00 School ' 138,429.00 99,838.00 92,592.00 Ten per cent penalties ' 8,941.83: 7,699.43 : 9,586.27 Advertising costs i 1, 157. 00 i 1, 595. 15 587. 15 Court costs 937. 90 Carriages i 6,083.00 7,387.50 8,470.00 Carts and dravs ! 6, 80S. 00 7,226.00 7,617.00 Road 138, 322. 00 ' 99, 844. 00 92, 594. 00 Total 1, 138, 706. 24 1, 215, 325. 91 1, 370, 740. 29 This table exhibits the annual increase for a period of three years of tax receipts on account of real and personal property subject to ad valorem taxes, and an account of insurance business and certain classes of personal property subject to special taxes, and the annual decrease for the same period of poll, school, and road taxes. An income tax was imposed by the legislature of 1901 by which $287,366.80 was real- ized during the fiscal year. COMMERCE. The shipments of merchandise, not including specie, for the past year are less in value than that of the shipments of the year ending- June 30, 1901, by $3,260,695.13. All of this falling off in the value of merchandise shipped from the Territory during last year, except $86,885.02, is chargeable to the one item of sugar and is due solely to a decrease in the market value of that article and not to a diminished production, the sugar shipped the past year being 720,553,357 pounds, against an aggregate shipment of 690,879,231 pounds of the year before, or an increase of 29,671,123 pounds. The following items also show a falling off from the figures of value of the preceding .year, as follows: Eice §7, 105. 00 Coffee 185, 253. 27 Wool 71, 503. 94 Honey 3, 315. 00 Molasses (none shipped the past year) 4, 615. 00 Fruit 10, 006. 65 Curios (none shipped the past year) 1, 696. 00 Total decrease 283, 494. 86 KEPORT OF GOVERNOR OF THE TERRITORY OF HAWAII. 13 The following items show an increase in value of shipments over the preceding- year, as follows: Hides $1, 418. 34 Sundries 195, 191. 50 Total 196, 609. 84 The difference of $86,885.02 shows the actual falling off in the value of shipments other than sugar of the past year as compared with the year before. Of the total value of shipments, not including specie, from the Ter- ritory during the past year of $24,793,735. $38,813 represents the value of foreign merchandise shipped, as against a value of $24,754,922 of domestic merchandise shipped. Of this total value the shipments to foreign countries were worth $63,547, and those to the mainland were worth $24,730,188. 1 am indebted to the courtesy of the collector of customs for the district of Hawaii for the following tables: Total value of all articles exported from the Territory of Hawaii and imported from foreign countries for the year ending June 30, 1902. Exports. United States $24, 730, 188 Great Britain ! British colonies 33, 928 Germany .. Hongkong . Japan Chile 1,461 9,547 8,106 France Other countries. 10, 505 Total. 24, 793, 735 Imports. (a) $259, 311 934, 585- 432, 498 198, 657 909, 112 271, 17a 9,231 22,016 3, 036, 583 a No record. Total value of merchandise shipped to the United States and exported to foreign countries- during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1902. Quantity. Value. Sugar, raw Pounds. 720, 553, 357 1,210,098 342, 300 $28,920,113 Coffee 126, 644 Rice 15,422 66, 161 Honev . . . 6, 455 Hides 1,099,763 351,418 78, 413 Wool 38, 681 Other 541, 846 24, 793, 735 Total exports, specie 157, 706 Total 24,951,441 Exports for year ending June 30, 1902: Domestic merchandise — To foreign countries $54, 365 To United States 24, 700, 557 Foreign merchandise — To foreign countries 9, 182 To United States 29, 631 Total 24, 793, 735 Specie 157, 706 14 REPORT OF GOVERNOR OF THE TERRITORY OF HAWAII. Domestic exports to the United States for year ending June SO, 1902. Quantity, Value. Sugar, raw . Cotf ee Rice Fresh fruits Honey Hides Wool Other Pounds. 720, 553, 357 1 , 0S2, 79 I 340, 600 $23, 1,099,763 351, ,418 920,113 114,290 15, 347 65,732 5,847 78, 413 38, 681 462, 134 Total . 24, 700, 557 Domestic exports to foreign countries for year ending June 30, 1902. Quantity. Value. Coffee Pounds. 127, 304 1,700 812, 354 75 429 608 Other . . 40, 899 Total 54,365 Total number of vessels entering and clearing in the district of Hawaii during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1901. Coastwise." Foreign. Ports. Entered. Cleared. Entered. Cleared. Num- ber. Tons. Num- ber. Tons. Num- ber. Tons. Num- ber. Tons. 349 44 26 57 466, 468 23, 338 8,803 50, 780 414 72 27 57 525, 001 46, 663 9,102 50, 780 210 21 5 386, 813 19, 155 2,564 126 5 305, 398 5,977 Hilo Total 476 549, 389 570 631,546 236 408, 532 131 311, 375 Entered. Cleared. Number. Tons. Number. Tons. Coastwise a 476 236 549, 389 408, 532 570 131 631, 546 311,375 Total 712 957, 921 701 942, 921 a The figures under the title "Coastwise" refer to American vessels doing business between Hawai- ian and mainland ports, but do not include vessels engaged in traffic among the Hawaiian Islands. Toted number of vessels entering einel clearing in the district of Hawaii during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1902. Coastwise." Foreign. Ports. Entered. Cleared. Entered. Cleared. Num- ber. Tons. Num- ber. Tons. Num- ber. Tons Nnm~ lons- ! ber. Tons. 300 9 13 4 1 56 454, 222 5, 059 4,267 2, 995 266 367 25 16 6 19. 511,565 21, 658 6,102 4,856 8,533 67, 457 187 16 4 1 2 376, 863 17,212 2,622 108 8 288, 224 10, 152 976 1,376 Hilo 51,231 i 55 Total 383 518, 040 481 620, 171 210 399, 049 116 298, 376 a The figures under the title " Coastwise " refer to American vessels doing business between Hawai- ian and mainland ports, but do not include vessels engaged in traffic among the Hawaiian Islands. REPORT OF GOVERNOR OF THE TERRITORY OF HAWAII. 15 Total number of vessels entering and clearing in the district of Hawaii, etc. — Continued. Entered. Cleared . Number. Tons. Number. Tons. 383 210 518, 040 399, 049 481 ll6 620, 171 V.98 ?,7fi Total 593 917, 089 597 918 547 a The figures under the title "Coastwise" refer to American vessels doing business between Hawai- ian and mainland ports, but do not include vessels engaged in traffic among the Hawaiian Islands. Statement of vessels entering and clearing in the district of Hawaii, by nationality, for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1902. Nationality. Entered. Cleared. Number. Tonnage. Number, j Tonnage. 477 75 29 7 1 1 2 1 626, 745 173, 127 99, 875 11, 165 1,332 2,070 2,186 589 480 628 478 77 29 5 1 1 2 1 175, 353 99, 880 7,154 1,332 2,070 2,551 589 1,140 Total 593 917, 089 597 918.547 PUBLIC WORKS. Statement of appropriations for the department of public works for the two years ending June 30, 1903; also amounts drawn from July 1, 1901, to June 30, 1902, and the balance on the latter date. Salaries and pay rolls Current ". Unpaid bills Emergency fund, prior to July 1, 1901. . . Roads and bridges, Honolulu contracts . Road, Ninole homestead contract Honolulu fire-department contract Road-tax special deposit: Road-tax balance, June 30, 1901 Receipts, June 30, 1901, to June 30, 1902 Total Amount drawn by the several road boards Balance to credit, July 1, 1902 Appropria- tions. $354,873.00 2, 303, 325. 00 66, 241. 60 , 26, 500. 00 12, 849. 95 1,420.00 12, 905. 00 (179 60 280. 46 651. 62 895. 48 700. 39 770. 42 839. 95 500. 00 360. 00 2,778,114.55 \ 917,998.32 Balances. $208, 592. 54 1, 623, 673. 38 5, 346. 12 10.00 920. 00 4,545.00 1,860,116.23 72, 938. 75 89, 353. 00 162, 291. 75 107, 808. 73 54, 483. 02 Statement showing the total amount collected, and from what source, at the clerk's office of this department for the year ending June 30, 1902. Rents $45, 433. 24 Sewerage 13, 999. 83 Land sales 36, 459. 00 Market 13, 432. 10 Garbage 4, 970. 50 Excavator ' 8, 503. 40 Weights and measures 235. 25 123, 033. 32 Government realizations, building permits, etc 5, 654. 43 Total 128; 687. 75 16 REPORT OF GOVERNOR OF THE TERRITORY OF HAWAII. Statement of receipts by the bureaus of the department of public works from July 1, 1901, to June 30, 1902, and paid into the treasury. Harbor master: Honolulu $91, 650. 71 Hilo 2, 664. 45 Powder magazine: Honolulu 2, 735. 60 Hilo 397. 40 Kerosene warehouse: Honolulu 5, 884. 44 Hilo 538. 22 Waterworks : Honolulu 97. 501. 15 Hilo 6, 292. 20 Laupahoehoe 157. 50 Kahului and Wailuku 4, 196. 75 Kaloa 275. 00 Roads, Honolulu 433. 37 Total 212, 726. 79 Expenditures on roads. On account of road tax 1 $107, 808. 73- On account of emergency appropriation 9, 470. 81 On account of current appropriation 270, 051. 54 Total 387, 331. 08 The number and kind of instruments for land and property required for road purposes executed in favor of the government for the year is as follows: Deeds 51 Exchange deeds 16 Assignments of leases 5 Bill of sale 1 Agreements 4 In the matter of conveyances to the government the question arose whether the Federal Government or the Territory should be the grantee in such cases. After some discussion an opinion by Hon. Willis Van Devanter, United States Assistant Attorney-General, was adopted by the Interior Department to the effect that where such con- veyances were for public purposes they should be made to the Terri- tory, leaving it an unsettled question as to which government should be the grantee in other cases. Summary of the employees of the department by nationality. Hawaiian Americans 646 I Italian American 1 Americans 117 \ French American 1 Portuguese Americans 38 Swedish American 1 Portuguese 254 British Americans 17 British 2 German Americans 12 German 1 Galicians 15 Malay 1 Porto Ricans 2 ■ Filipino 1 Pole 1 Norwegian Americans 3 i Gilbert Islander 1 Japanese 104 I Chinese 3 Total 1, 230 Spaniards 9 REPORT OF GOVERNOR OF THE TERRITORY OF HAWAII. 17 Honolulu waterworks. Appropriations $79, 000. 00 Expended 50, 214. 98 Balance 28, 785. 02 Collections 97, 501. 15 New privileges granted 352 Rates per annum for new privileges $9, 438. 00 Privileges discontinued 51 Loss in rates' for privildges discontinued $839. 00 The water supply for Honolulu is obtained partially from mountain streams, the water of which flows into the mains by gravity, and par- tially from artesian wells in the city, the water of which is pumped directly into the mains or into reservoirs, whence it flows into the mains b}r gravit}7. During the fiscal year it was necessaiy to pump 1,663,370,668 gallons, which required a consumption of 1,333 tons of coal. The government conducts waterworks for supply of householders at Hilo and Laupahoehoe, island of Hawaii, at Kahului and Wailuku, island of Maui, and at Kaloa, island of Kauai. It is constructing waterworks for the supply of householders at Lahaina, island of Maui. PUBLIC SURVEY. The following data are taken from the annual report of the surveyor. The record of field work shows between 17,000 and 18,000 acres surveyed and subdivided for settlement purposes; also surveys for new roads, settlement of boundaries, water resources, resurveys of public lands, and topographical work; also city surveys of lines for widening and extending streets, street grades, grades for water pipes and levels for fire plugs, car-track grades, lines for poles for electric wires, street plans and profiles showing position and elevation of car tracks, sewers, and sidewalks, reports on applications for building permits, and sur- veys of government andprivTate properties required for street improve- ments. OFFICE WORK. The general work of the office has been carried on in quite the same lines as those prevailing in January, 1901. The number of maps, tracings, plans, prints, and descriptions applied for by the various departments of the government have shown a marked increase during the past year. The field parties have required many tracings, copies of former surveys, and such data. The various public improvements have necessitated much work on our part in furnishing street lines, grades, descriptions of all lands taken for public purposes, and in must transactions reports were submitted giving areas, valuations, and recommendations. The correspondence shows that 411 letters were written, many of which were carefully considered reports on applications for the acquirement of government lands by purchase, lease, or otherwise. Three hundred and ninety-eight grants have been platted in on the registered maps, and there now remains but the adding of a limited number of government deeds to bring this important work up to date. Block tracings of the principal portion of Honolulu, giving the frontages, areas, etc.,_ have been furnished to the tax assessor's office. This involved a vast amount of computations, as the numerous holdings are mostly very irregular in shape. Total area, 1,450 acres. The large map of the island of Hawaii, compiled from the numerous maps and records on file in this office, has been completed. This valuable map is drawn to a 8750—02 2 18 REPORT OF GOVERNOR OF THE TERRITORY OF HAWAII. scale of 10,000 feet to the inch, and in addition to the usual information represented are contour lines showing approximate heights at intervals of 300 feet. The new map of Oahu, now under compilation, is nearly completed. Number of new maps, tracings, and charts registered and filed 143 Number of copies of surveys furnished 187 Number of field books registered and filed 34 Number of tracings furnished (not including tracings and sketch plans attached to descriptions of surveys furnished ) 175 Number of blue prints furnished 580 Number of reports and official letters 411 The foregoing gives but a general idea of the routine work of the office, as there is much done in the way of checking old surveys and giving information on a great variety of matters relating to private and government lands not referred to in the above items. As a general rule, all matters wmere land boundaries are in dispute require much time in careful study. HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYS. The U. S. S. Albatross, Capt. Chauncey Thomas, has been engaged in these waters during the months of April, May, and June, making soundings and dredgings that will be of great interest. We have endeavored to assist in this work by furnishing copies of such maps and tracings of all the islands as we have at hand. Captain Thomas wTill furnish this office with the results of the survey at an early date, which courtesy will be highly appreciated. Some work has been done to bring the chart of Honolulu Harbor up to date. A thorough survey of Kapua entrance and approaches at Waikiki, south coast of Oahu, has been completed to facilitate the landing of the Pacific cable. The local standard and Greenwich time have been obtained from transit observa- tions and the steam-whistle signal given as usual. It is to be hoped that we may in the near future secure a standard time ball apparatus. Honolulu is now an important shipping point, and needs this improved time signal for navigators, as well as for others. TRANSFER OP PROPERTY TO THE UNITED STATES COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY. On March 8, acting under instructions received from the Superintendent of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, Prof. W. D. Alexander made a formal request for such property and records as were considered to properly belong to a coast and geodetic survey. In compliance with this request we have transferred the 12-inch transit, which has been used, solely for triangulation purposes, and something like ninety volumes of reports, scientific works, mathematical tables, etc. It was found impracticable to transfer any of our own records for the reason that the geodetic and land surveys that have been made here in the past are so inex- tricably intermingled that they can not be separated. PLANS FOR FUTURE WORK. The work for the coming year will be determined by the necessities of the case. The homestead surveys will be pushed rapidly and the city work will be advanced as opportunity offers. Forest reservation line to be established along the 2,100-foot elevation in South Hilo and a survey and map made of the Makai section, showing topographical and other features in order that the land commissioner may offer further clearing permits to agriculture. Five thousand acres of Iviolakoa, Puumakaa, and Puueo, in Kau, Hawaii, is to be set apart for a forest reservation and the remainder laid out into homesteads. REPORT OF GOVERNOR OF THE TERRITORY OF HAWAII. 19 Statement of expenditures and receipts of the survey department. EXPENDITURES. Salary of surveyor, meteorologist, and assistants. Expenses of survey and office work Publishing maps Meteorology Total Appropria- tion. $23, 000. 00 48, 000. 00 1,600.00 750. 00 73, 350. 00 Drawn. 811, 500. 00 21,096.98 688. 96 214. 50 33, 500. 44 Balance. 811, 500. 00 26, 903. 02 911. 04 535, 50 39, 849. 56 RECEIPTS. Published maps 877. 50 Tracings 57. 50 Blue prints 53. 50 Rating chronometers 17. 50 Data furnished 32. 00 Total 238. 00 ' [Extracts from the report of Curtis J. Lyons, esq., Territorial meteorologist.] Kecords of daily rainfall have been received from about eighty stations, said records being made by voluntary observers, and the monthly totals published in Honolulu papers about the 15th of the succeeding month. About one half of the rain gauges required have been furnished by the Government, the other half being private property. Copper gauges are in a great measure replacing the older tin ones, which are not lasting, and fresh measuring glasses are furnished in case of breakage. Six observers are furnished with maximum and minimum thermometers, and one with a mercurial barometer at Pepeekeo, Hilo. These observers report daily tem- perature, also direction of the wind and brief notes of the weather. Three observers also make daily observations of humidity and report thereon. The observations at the central office, at 1508 Alexander street, have been kept up and somewhat enlarged in scope, involving about thirty entries a day. This closes the nineteenth year of the series. The publication of these observations, as well as those at the outstations in permanent form, begins with the year 1892 and ends with the year 1898, this last having been published within the last twelve months. Every month a summary, including the averages and changes and comparison with normal meteorological conditions, is published in the local papers. This includes also the average temperature and other items from outside stations, especially the percentage of district rainfall as compared with the normal. A pamphlet is now in press giving the entire monthly rainfall of each station from the beginning of observation when such beginning was before 1897, and coming down to the close of 1900. In some cases this covers a period of twenty or more years. The table gives the normal average for each month of the year and the average yearly rainfall for each station. As this table covers the entire group, it is hoped that it will be found very useful for the agricultural interests of the Territory. The United States Monthly Weather Review, the organ of the Weather Bureau at Washington, publishes very full reports which are forwarded from here, and the editor has shown an especial interest in this station. The Hydrographic Office also receives reports from this office. Our published annual reports are sent to the leading observatories and weather offices abroad, and the publications received in exchange have built up an extensive library for this office, which should be well cared for, for the benefit of future students. The automatic tide gauge in Honolulu Harbor is under the charge of this office, and is in continuous service, this being one of the important stations of the world. Duplicates of the records have been sent to Washington, up to April of this year, to the tidal division of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey. The apparatus has been thoroughly overhauled of late and is in good order, but needs a new shelter house. Seismic waves are a special object of record, and a very interesting series has lately occurred. The mean sea level is also an especial matter of study and has shown some remarkable variations in the last twelve months. The rising and falling of the water in our artesian-well subterranean reservoir is also noted. 20 REPORT OF GOVERNOR OF THE TERRITORY OF HAWAII. The following- brief statement of the organization and methods of the public survey department was prepared also by Mr. Lyons: The Hawaiian Government survey was primarily and is still mainly a cadastral survey. Its initial object was to locate on general maps all titles that had previous to its inception been issued by the Government, and thereby account for all the land in the then Kingdom, and enable the Government to act intelligently in any disposal it might make of the remainder. And also to survey in detail all Government bound- aries and all lands subdivided for sale or lease by the Government, and to assist in settling traditional but unsurveyed boundaries of lands, both Government and private. The special need of such a survey was very much increased by the fact that all the magnetic surveys by which title had been given were simply detached independent surveys, unconnected with any general system or common reference points. The authority for it was derived from the law which directed the minister of the interior to make all necessary surveys of Government lands, and from the appropria- tions which have from time to time been made by the legislature. As a matter of wise public policy there has been added to the work of the survey that of making all maps needed for public purposes, also that of making exact meas- ui^ements and records needed for public use. The experience of the country has abundantly justified this policy. Of such exact measurement work may be men- tioned tide observations, time observations for public standard, meteorological, mag- netic, topographic, and hydrographic. As is necessary in all reliable general surveys the work is' based on a general trian- gulation, which serves as a foundation for all kinds of surveys which are or may yet be needed, including hydrographic, topographical, and geological. This triangulation was made in thorough accordance with the methods and principles of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey. The system of land division in the islands is complicated, and from the nature of the country irregular, but it has been scientifically dealt with, and any attempt to revolutionize the survey system would be disastrous. The triangulation points serve the same purpose to the location of lands that the meridians and parallels do on the United States land system. As the land was originally minutely subdivided by the Hawaiians themselves, and as the ownership was continued when Government titles were given, a great many maps have been needed, considering the size of the country. The survey was begun in 1871, under Prof. W. D. Alexander as surveyor-general, Ferdinand W. Hutchison being minister of the interior under Kamehameha V. The number of skilled employees has varied from three to a dozen. It has been neces- sary for a portion of them to understand the Hawaiian language, partly for the sake of understanding the land-commission records, most of the surveys and awards being in Hawaiian, and partly for communicating with Hawaiians who consult the office. The survey has been a general information office for the public on all matters con- nected with lands, also for scientists, naval officers, and others from abroad. In the development of the country it has fulfilled an important part. The courts of law and the legal fraternity make constant use of the maps and records of the survey. The poorest Hawaiian can come and find, free of cost, the probable location or the existence or the nonexistence of such titles as he maybe concerned in. The peculiar conditions of the country have made such matters peculiarly dependent upon maps, largely from absence in a large proportion of cases of boundary fences. All the surveying connected with the development of a city like Honolulu, includ- ing leveling and grading, has been done by this office. Preliminary surveys of most of the harbors have been made. Many of these were published by the United States Hydrographic Office. The unit of measurement adopted is the foot, as being adapted to public needs, and the standard of direction the true meridian. As the old surveys were in chains, and the bearings simply local magnetic in a country where local attraction was prevalent everywhere, the work of reduction has been great, As there are over 2,000 maps on file in the office, and all the documentary matter connected with them, it will be seen that the office is one of great importance to the Territory. Where an office has been carried on in the manner indicated it becomes almost impossible to divide its records among new organizations, and a policy of copying would seem better than that of absolute removal of any records. In the matter of ownership of lands the bureau has confined itself mainly to origi- nal titles, i. e., to the location and identification of land commission awards and Government grants. No attempt has been made to keep track of transfers and divi- sion of private lands, except to procure and place on file copies of city tracts placed REPORT OF GOVERNOR OF THE TERRITORY OF HAWAII. 21 on the market by real estate dealers. This work, if undertaken, should have a special supplementary division. The triangulation of the group is practically completed and theoretically handed over to the Coast and Geodetic Survey. But it should be far more perfect in many respects, especially as to records and monuments. The Territorial survey needs all these for its own purposes. The general maps need more complete compiling and very many need renewal owing to so much consultation. The boundaries of Government lands need detailed delimiting surveys and descrip- tions. There are many of these which, while laid down on the maps from such data as are at hand, still are not definitely marked on the ground, and are not accurately described by bearings and distances of the lines. PUBLIC LANDS. There is an increasing demand for small holdings and the work of the commission of public lands promises to increase steadily if funds are available. The following data are taken from the annual report of Mr. Edmund S. Boyd, commissioner of public lands. Land transactions for the year ending June 30, 1902, showing lands taken up under the various systems of the land act of 1895 {other than cash sales and Olaa purchases under special conditions of Part IX). Land districts. Right of purchase lease. Homestead. Number. Acres. Value. Number. Acres. 72 13 11 1 4, 588. 40 599. 73 1, 319. 31 92.46 $26, 238. 18 9,342.57 2,375.39 924. 60 Fifth— Oahu 33 136. 29 Total 97 6, 599. 90 38, 880. 74 33 136. 29 Under the homestead Rights are inalienable. lease S3Tstem no appraisements are made. CASH SALES. Lot 27, Part C, Olaa, Puna, Hawaii, 4.20 acres $315 Waiohina, Kau, Hawaii, 3.35 acres 525 The above shows transactions under cash sales for the year. Lot 27, Part C, Olaa, was an undesirable remnant bounded on all sides by private lands, and of no good to hold. It was decided to be sold to the highest bidder and brought in §75 an acre. The land in Waiohina was sold for church purposes to the Anglican Church of Hawaii. LAND LICENSES. Licensee, Henry Waterhouse & Co., trustee for J. H. and Phoebe K. Raymond; location, Polipoli Spring, Wailuku, Maui; term, twenty years; annual rental, $200. This license was granted to the above parties for the purpose of conducting the surplus water from Polipoli Spring, which is 6,000 feet above sea level, by means of pipes, to more advantageous points for supplying their cattle with water, thus avoid- ing the necessity for their traveling long distances and to such a great height to the same. They to construct and maintain watering troughs on public lands along its line. This license was also granted in the interest of the development of grazing and agri- culture and the enhancing of the values of the public lands of Kamaole, Kahikinui, and Kanaio. 22 KEPORT OF GOVERNOR OF THE TERRITORY OF HAWAII. (,'t mrnl /iiisis. Date of lease. Lessee. Location. Area. Term. Animal rental. Sept. 24, 1901* 22, 800. 00 17.80 3, 332. 00 160. 00 12,500.00 6, 500. 00 455. 00 86.00 449.00 380. 00 5, 000. 00 210. 00 2, 000. 00 Years. 'I 5 5 21 21 5 5 5 5 21 5 21 875 Dec. 21, 1901.. Nov. 30,1901.. Feb. 26, 1902. . Chin Wo Co Waianae Co Onoruea Sugar Co H.P.Baldwin Palama-kai, Honolulu, Oahu... Lualualei, Waianae, Oahu (cane land). 285 9,000 520 Dob 1,100 Do<> do do 4,000 900 May 24, 1902.. Do R. R. Hind Kahei, Kohala. Hawaii (cane land). do do 100 - Do do Opihipau, Kohala, Hawaii (grazing land). Hukiaa, Kohala, Hawaii (graz- ing land). Kiolakaa-Pumakaa, Kau, Ha- waii. Kaupakuea.Hilo, Hawaii (cane land). 314 Do do 266 Do = Do June 28, 1902 c Hutchinson Sugar Plan- tation Co. Pepeekeo Sugar Co A. C. Dowsett 200 600 100 aThis land was leased for grazing purposes. The area designated may mislead such persons that are not familiar with the land of Manuka, and to criticise the action of this Department in leasing such a large area for such an " inadequate " or, more properly saying, insignificant figure. To justify its action, it is well to explain the situation fully, viz: The land "of Manuka is situated in the district of South Kona, and its boundary on the west is the dividing line between the districts of South Kona and Kau, and wholly covered with a-a rock, with the exception of about 500 acres of fairly good grazing land. In the disintegrated lava there has in recent years sprung up a very dense forest of Ohia (an indigenous tree), which covers about 2,000 acres, and may in time cover a greater area. This 2,000 acres of forest land is impracticable for any purpose, even grazing, as the rugged character of the a-a rock prevalent in the Kona district is dangerous to life and limbs of any animal kind except goats. The rest is simply barren lava waste devoid of any vegetation, arid and waterless. Consequently, it simmers down to the fact that the lessee has only practically 500 acres of land from which he can realize anything. The lease also requires the lessee to preserve "the forest and to reforest same in places where same appears in state of diminution, and to keep land where practicable clear of lantana. &This land was leased in two tracts, namely: (1) All that forest land extending from the eastern boundary of the Ahupuaa of Honomanu to the western brink of the gulch of Wailua-iki and from ocean to boundary of Haiku above. (2) All that forest land extending from the western brink of Wailua-iki gulch to the western brink of the gulch between the lands of Kapaula and Puakea (or Paakea) and extending from the ocean to boundary of Haiku above. Both are situate on the northeastern side of the island of Maui. These leases were sold at public auction under the following conditions as to forest, etc. : Lessee is prohibted from cutting or allowing to be cut any forest trees, except for fencing and domestic pur- poses, to be used on premises or for development, storage and transportation of water, to replant forest where it appears in state of diminution. It also prohibits the running of cattle on the premises, requires the extermination of wild cattle; lessee to build and maintain a substantial fence along the upper side of the old Government road and to prevent stock from trespassing on the land; and not to interfere with vested interests in water on leased premises; to furnish homesteaders with water for domestic and irrigation purposes at convenient points. These are the principal conditions of the leases. Main purpose of course, is for water, an article very much sought after by the vast sugar enterprises to the west of this island. This land, though of an extremely rugged and almost inaccessible character and impossible of cul- tivation on this account, holds a large quantity of water which goes to the sea, benefiting nothing and nobody, and the land has never to my knowledge brought any revenue to the Government. Under these conditions I think the Government is very fortunate in deriving a revenue from these lands; but this is not all. By these leases the Government is insured against the destruction of the forest by the inroad of cattle, or from fires. c Leased under forest conditions. To fence (repair and maintain same) the whole area, to prevent the inroad of cattle, to preserve and increase the forest. These lands have no natural water supply, depending mostly on rain for moisture. What water the lessees can conserve and impound is of course appurtenant thereto. Receipts public lands office from January 1 to June 30, 1901. LAND REVENUE. Rents : General leases $42, 977. 54 Right of purchase leases 2, 750. 31 Olaa leases 240. 31 Kaimu leases 3. 75 Miscellaneous 498. 80 Homesteads 291. 50 Special agreements 2, 870. 94 Cash freeholds 15.85 REPORT OF GOVERNOR OF THE TERRITORY OF HAWAII. 23 Receipts public lands office from January 1 to June 30, 1901 — Continued. land revenue — continued. Interest — Continued . Olaa agreements $16. 65 Fees 392. 00 Total 50, 057. 65 LAND SALES. Purchase, right of purchase leases $20, 512. 12 Special agreements 6, 626. 41 Homestead 2, 369. 20 Olaa lots 1, 104. 45 Kaimu 25. 00 Cash sales 525.00 Total 31, 162. 18 Land revenue 50, 057. 65 Land sales 31,162.18 Total 81,219.83 The above shows receipts of this commission for the six months ending June 30, 1901, which have not as yet been reported. A good showing is made especially in land sales. You will notice by comparing this statement with the one hereunder that the amount is comparatively greater than for the year ending June 30, 1902. This is occasioned by the purchase price being paid in on agreements falling due during this period. Receipts public lands office during the year ending June SO, 1902. LAND REVENUE. Rents : • General leases $95, 577. 93 Right of purchase leases 5, 266. 20 Olaa leases - 193. 23 Puukapu leases 21 . 00 Miscellaneous 1,233.60 Interest: Homestead 355. 34 Special agreements 1, 087. 63 Olaa agreements 61 . 00 Fees 65. 50 Total 103,886.69 LAND SALES. Purchase, right of purchase leases $9, 518. 07 Special agreements 1, 902. 14 Homesteads 1, 288. 88 Olaa lots 12. 40 Cash sales 315. 00 13, 036. 49 Land revenue 103, 886. 69 Land sales 13, 036. 49 116, 923. IS The above shows an increase in the receipts of this commission for the past year, and has fulfilled all predictions made in our annual report of 1900. 2-4 REPORT OF GOVERNOR OF THE TERRITORY OF HAWAII. Expenditures of the commission. Appropria-I Dmwn_ Balance. Salary of commissioner Salary of secretary, clerks, subagents, rangers, etc Incidentals Preliminary roads and trails Expenses filing boundary certificates Total $7, 200. 00 18, 960. 00 5, 250. 00 7, 000. 00 300. 00 S3, 600. 00 8, 920. 00 3, 360. 10 70. 60 38,710.00 ! 15,950.70 S3, 600. 00 10, 040. 00 1,889.90 7, 000. 00 229. 40 22, 759. 30 The above table shows a very small balance in our appropriation for incidentals, and amounts to less than the pro rata for the year. Expenses for printing and advertising have been quite heavy, as new blanks had to be printed to conform to section 73 of the organic act. Activity in land transac- tions also occasioned a heavy expenditure for advertisements, and can not be avoided unless we curtail land transactions; to do so would show a lack of progressiveness. Nothing has been spent on preliminary roads and trails. The difficulty which this office has to meet in dealing with this question has yet to be solved. It is a criticism sometimes made on work of this office that lands have been laid out in advance of the construction of roads, whereby smaller value attached to the land itself and the settler was hampered in the operations for the lack of suitable roads, both of which statements are undeniably correct. On the other hand, if such opening of lands were held back until suitable roads were completed it would cause an indefinite delay in land transactions, and the results so far achieved would not now be in evidence. This appropriation can only be expended as designated by the item; that is to say, for "Preliminary roads and trails." We are about to construct some very neces- sary work under this appropriation during the coming year. The problem which this office has to face is, whether to delay indefinitely the open- ing of public lands until good roads can be completed or to meet the demand for lands by rougher immediate means of access, with the expectation that improved roads will follow the settlement of lands. I say supply the demand as an initiative and the rest will shape itself. SURVEY WORK. This work is still under the supervision of the Government survey office. A total area of about 8,000 acres and averaging 10 to 50 acres a lot has been sur- veyed and subdivided during the year. Statement of land patents issued. Homestead leases Right of purchase leases Time payment Cash freehold Cash purchase Land exchange Puukapu lots • Total Xumber issued. Acreage. 135. 23 2, 878. 09 977. 64 333. 70 322. 57 1, 047. 56 16.47 Considera- tion. SI, 316. 95 15, 454. 69 13, 029. 45 1,271.55 36,011.00 1, 913. 00 41.15 5, 711. 26 69, 037. 79 Land patents issued on land-commission awards: Number issued ..." 15 Acreage 27, 838. 26 Commutation $79. 98 From the present outlook and from the applications on file, the number of land patents to be issued on confirmation of land-commission awards during the coming year will far exceed in number those of last year. REPORT OF GOVERNOR OF THE TERRITORY OF HAWAII. 2& AGRICULTURE. At the Government nursery the following forage plants have been cultivated: Alfalfa, red clover, crimson clover, teosinte, sorghum, buffalo grass, Kentucky blue grass, maize, and pencilleria, records of which are kept by which information is gained as to the value of these plants for cultivation here. In the same grounds experiments have been made in the cultivation of Hawaiian and Samoan taro and yams. NEW INDUSTRIES. Sisal. — Through the agency of the Territorial bureau of agriculture and forestry the cultivation of sisal, Agave sisalana, a fiber plant, was taken up several years ago, and at the present time there is one plantation with several hundred acres of sisal under cultivation on the island of Oahu, another of considerable area has just been started on the island of Molokai, and a third is about to be begun on the island of Kauai. The Oahu plantation is nearly ready to take off its first crop and is putting up its machinery. As the sisal plant will thrive in rocky and comparatively barren soils, its successful cultivation will be of importance in utilizing such lands as well as in adding to the products of the Territory and furnish- ing a new demand for labor. It is to be hoped that success in the production of fiber suitable for cordage will promptly lead up to the establishment of local factories for its manufacture. Castor oil {Ricinus communis). — This plant has grown wild for many years in different parts of the islands with great luxuriance. It is a perennial in this climate. Mr. Koelling has 80 acres under cultivation on the island of Oahu and feels encouraged to double the extent of his plantation. He esti- mates a jdeld of 2 tons of beans per acre of his best land and 1£ tons from inferior land. The percentage of oil by hydraulic pressure is 45 per cent and by the benzine process 55 per cent. This would give a possible 275 gallons of oil per acre, worth in San Francisco $261.25 for No. 1 grade and $220 for No. 2 grade. The plants are set 4 feet apart and are cultivated by hoeing and horse plowing. Vanilla. — Experiments have been made from time to time in the cultivation of the vanilla bean and its preparation for the market with little other result than the demonstration of the suitability of our soil and climate for its production. During the past year a small plantation has been started in South Kona, island of Hawaii, for its cultivation. Tobacco. — Although tobacco has been cultivated in these islands for many years in a desultory way the product has never been properly cured and the question of the suitability of soil and climate for the production of fine grades is still unsettled. The fact, however, that tobacco grows wild in many parts of the group would seem to be encouraging. Mr. Smith, in charge of the Hawaii experiment station, reports that he is planning to experiment with Sumatra tobacco at the station. 26 REPORT OF GOVERNOR OF THE TERRITORY OF HAWAII. PINEAPPLE CULTIVATION. The business of raising- and canning pineapples is a growing one and promises considerable development. In its several varieties the pineapple has a wide range of soil and elevation. At present there is but one cannery, which has put up the past 3rear 6,200 cases, which have been sent to the mainland. The following information in relation to the use of fertilizers in the cultivation of sugar cane, the yield of sugar per acre, and the total yield for the past seven years, the jdeld per acre by islands in the year 1901, and the comparative statement of the yield of irrigated and unirrigated plantations for the past seven years were furnished by Mr. C. F. Eckart, the director of the experiment station of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters Association: During the year ending September 30, 1901, approximately 25,000 tons of mixed fertilizers were applied to Hawaiian sugar lands. In addition to these some 15,000 tons of special fertilizers, such as tankage, fish scrap, bone meal, nitrate of soda, and the various forms of lime were also used, making the average fertilization with bought material, per acre, about 1,000 pounds. The waste products of the sugar mill, such as mud-press cakes, molasses, and furnace ash, are largely conserved and applied as manures, along with the accumulated refuse from the stock pens, on many plantations. The amount of the latter material, used in this way is not definitely known, but annually reaches into thousands of tons. The question of fertilization has been closely studied by the managers of the various plantations, and owing to the diversified conditions as regards climate and soil, practices vary materially respecting times and methods of applying manures on the different estates. The forms in which the separate fertilizing elements are applied is influenced by a consideration of the rainfall and elevation of lands to be treated, while the proportions of the ingredients to be used are measured by soil deficiencies and the requirements of cane. Exhaustive chemical analyses of Hawaiian soils have been made and the demands made by the crop upofi the plant foods have been carefully investigated. An idea as to the manner in which fertilizing formulas vary on the different islands may be gained from the following table: Potash. Phosphoric acid. Nitrogen. Lowest. Highest. Lowest. Highest. Lowest. Highest. Maui Per cent. 4.13 4.89 4.03 8.50 Per cent. 17.24 10.10 22.54 14.66 Per cent. 5.10 5.68 Per cent. 14.26 9.39 Per cent. 5.04 6.66 3.25 4.70 Per cent. 9.70 9.91 Hawaii 5.29 14.61 7.01 15 10.42 Oahu 7.10 While the judicious application of suitable fertilizers to the sugar lands of the islands has played an important role in the phenomenal yields of many plantations, rational cultivation, particularly on those dependent upon rainfall, has added much to the annual output. Unfortunately the extent to which cultivation may be prac- ticed is limited on many plantations by an inadequate supply of labor. The islands are particularly free from the serious insect pests common in most sugar-producing countries, and steps have been taken, by establishing a control over cane importations, to lessen the danger of introducing such evils from other coun- tries. The most injurious pest with which the planter has to combat is the cane- borer, Sphenophorus obscurus, although recently the effects of an insect termed " leaf -hopper," FulgoricUe, have been somewhat pronounced on several estates. REPORT OF GOVERNOR OF THE TERRITORY OF HAWAII. 27 Sugar yields of the Hawaiian Islands Year. Acres. Tons of sugar. Yield per acre. 1895 : 47, 3994 55, 729 53, 8254 153, 4194 227, 093 251.126 Pounds. 6,472 1896 8,148 1897 9, 331 1898 55,2354 229.414 8,306 1899 60, 308 66, 773 78, 6184 282, 807 289, 544 359, 133 9,378 1900 8,672 1901 9,136 BY ISLANDS FOR 1901. Island. Acres. Tons of sugar. Yield per acre. Oahu 13, 562 12, 896 11, 400 40, 760 98, 897 67, 205 58, 349 134, 682 Pounds. 14, 584 10, 423 10, 237 6,608 YIELDS OF THE IRRIGATED PLANTATIONS. Year. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. 1899. 1900. 1901. Tons of sugar. 23,454 | 25,950 i 23,101 i 24,507 27,380 27,0904 34, 7404 89, 9434 117, 449 117, 306 137, 595 166, 425 166, 002 215, 189 Yield per acre. Pounds. 7,669 9, 032 10, 151 11, 269 12, 157 12, 25? 12, 388 YIELDS OF RAINFALL PLANTATIONS. 1895 23, 945 29, 779 30, 7244 30, 7284 32, 928 39, 6824 43, 878 63, 476 109, 644 133, 820 91, 692^ 116, 382 124, 257 143, 943 5,310 1896 7,363 1897 8,710 1898 5,934 1899 7,068 1900 6,262 1901 6,561 The following statement of averages in relation to sugar production were estimated from the reports of three of the largest plantations on the island of Oahu. The items of total cost of irrigation per acre, of irrigation per ton of sugar, of cultivation per acre, and cultivation per ton of sugar were taken from the report of the Ewa plantation alone, other reports not furnishing figures on these items: Statement of averages of several plantations on the island of Oahu for crop of 1901. Average yield per acre in tons of sugar 8. 44 Average tons of cane per ton of sugar 8. 62 Average pounds of sugar per ton of cane 232. 39 Average cost of production of sugar per ton $41. 13 Average cost of irrigation per acre $35. 72 Average cost of irrigation per ton of sugar $3. 30 Average cost of cultivation per acre $265. 01 Average cost of cultivation per ton of sugar $24. 28 Average cost, man and containers, per ton of sugar $4. 38 The average cost of production of a ton of sugar on Ewa plantation alone was 134.94, divided as follows: On account of labor $18. 45 Other expenses 16. 49 28 REPORT OF GOVERNOR OF THE TERRITORY OF HAWAII. Distribution of seeds. Through the courtesy of the Hawaiian Delegate to Congress a large variety of vegetable seeds have been received from the Department of Agriculture and have been distributed throughout the Territory. Under the Territorial appropriation for the importation of seeds a variety of seeds of forage plants, seed potatoes, and seed of many varieties of forest trees have been procured and distributed. Through the kindness of the Japanese consul at Honolulu several bags of Kinshu rice seed have been procured and distributed to rice planters. As this variety grows on dry land, and under favorable cir- cumstances is reported to yield from 100 to 400 per cent more than any other variety, its introduction may be of considerable public importance. AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. A fine beginning in scientific instruction in agriculture has been made at the Kamehameha school for bo}Ts. Mr. Kraus, the teacher, is carrying out a practieal system illustrated by actual work in the field and garden. The garden produce for the three Kamehameha schools is raised by the pupils in the course of agriculture, who also conduct a dairy under the same instructor, the product of which is consumed by the schools. At the Hilo Boarding School (private) and the Lahainaluna Seminary (government) there are courses in agriculture, illustrated by field work of the pupils. The Normal School in Honolulu has a course in agri- culture, and the study of this subject is being introduced as rapidly as opportunities permit in the public da}^ schools of the Territory. farmers' institute. In January, 1902, the first Farmers' Institute of the Territory was organized at the Wahiawa colony, Oahu, with a good membership. FERTILIZERS. There are two companies in Honolulu manufacturing fertilizers mainly for use in the Territory. The following information is fur- nished by these companies: The Pacific Guano and Fertilizer Company manufactures high grade commercial fertilizers, acid phosphate, sulphuric acid, and phosphoric acid. The factory is modern in all respects and has in use the latest and most improved machinery. The plant consists of two sulphuric acid works with a capacity of 2,500 tons per annum each; acid phosphate factory, capacity 10,000 tons, and fertilizer works, with an annual capacity of 15,000 to 20,000 tons. It operates the guano fields on Laysan Island and imports from there annually from 3,000 to 6,000 tons of guano; besides this there are used every year about 2,000 tons of Florida phosphate. The Hawaiian Fertilizer Company, Limited, sell annually about 4,000 tons of nitrate of soda, imported from Chile, to be used as a fer- tilizer in its raw state. Before leaving the factory it is ground and screened. EEPOKT OF GOVERNOE OF THE TEEEITOEY OF HAWAII. 29 Sulphate of potash, nitrate of potash, and kainit are imported from Germany. Sulphate of ammonia and double superphosphate are procured in England, which is the only country that manufactures sulphate of ammonia on a large scale. It is a b3T-product of coal-gas works and is the most expensive material used as a fertilizer, costing in England about $60 a ton. Fish guano comes from Alaska, and the packing houses of the Northwest and the Middle West supply dried blood, tankage, and bone meal. All the fertilizers imported are raw materials, none of which are applied in the raw state with the exception of nitrate of soda. The average high grade cane fertilizer contains as many as five or six dif- ferent raw materials. The sales of this company last vear were 17,840 tons, worth about $779,596.11. LIVE STOCK. During the year the Hawaiian Live Stock and Breeders' Association has been organized for the improvement of live stock breeding, the introduction of new pasture grasses, and the preserving and restoring of such forest growth as may be beneficial to grazing lands. Such an organization has been much needed in the past. It is likely to have a very beneficial influence toward the improvement of ranch management in the Territory, which heretofore, with few exceptions, has been conspicuously without system or a,r\j application of scientific principles. Consumption of Hawaiian cattle and sheep in Honolulu. Number. Value. Weight. Average weight. Average price. Cattle 4,998 588 8,352 $225, 399. 75 9, 672. 51 26, 043. 93 Pounds. 2, 352, 841 Pounds. 422.7 840. 10 16.45 279, 315 33.44 3.12 Pounds. Largest average weight of cattle from any ranch 584 Smallest average weight of cattle from any ranch 282 Largest average weight of sheep from any ranch 38 Smallest average weight of sheep from any ranch 29 Meats brought into the Territory {approximate). Quantity. Value. Beef Corned beef Venison (50 carcasses) . Veal Lamb and mutton Turkeys, chickens, etc . Pounds. 1,170,153 3, 372 169, 866 320, 260 116, 824 §104, 303. 45 1, S96. 27 2,409.92 17, 991. 07 31,536.96 19, 331. 16 Note. — The weights mentioned in the foregoing tables are for dressed meats. FORESTRY. Many kinds of deciduous trees of northern latitudes have been tried in different parts of the Territory and generally without success at low 30 REPORT OF GOVERNOR OF THE TERRITORY OF HAWAII. elevations. It is probable that some varieties will do well at higher elevations. A somewhat similar experience has been had with cone-bearing trees. A few kinds, however, have grown luxuriantly at low elevations where they have been protected and cultivated. Experiments will be made with this class of trees at the higher elevations where the climate approaches that of a more northern latitude. Ironwood (Casurlna equistifolia) is an exception to other trees of this class. Its range reaches from the seashore to elevations of several thousand feet; it thrives in all kinds of soils, with a preference for beach sand, and stands wind and drought, making a most desirable tree for forestry purposes. There is a serious increase of insects injurious to trees all over the Territory. This is attributed by experts to the serious decrease of indigenous insectivorous birds, and to the circumstance that many of the forests have become so enfeebled by the presence of cattle and sheep, by which undergrowth is destroyed and the surface roots and lower trunks left exposed to sun and wind, that they have become an easy prey to insect depredations. Extensive and destructive forest fires occurred in the district of Hamakua, island of Hawaii, during the months of July, August, and September. A long drought had rendered that locality peculiarly favorable to the spread of such accidental fires as might be started. The area burned over is estimated at about 30,000 acres, consisting of public and private lands. The neighboring sugar planters, under an arrangement with the government, furnished a considerable portion of their laborers for an effort to check these fires. Several weeks were spent in this work and much was accomplished by cutting avenues through the forest and back firing and patrolling the country ahead of the line of fire. The fall rains fortunately began early and gradually extinguished the fires, which the plantation laborers, under the skillful management of Mr. Albert Horner, were substantially holding in check. It is of extreme importance to this district that an area much larger than the part recently devastated should be forested. The removal of trees for fuel has been very great in years past, and the former streams and springs have been disastrously affected thereby. On another part of Hawaii, the extreme northern part of the dis- trict of North Kona, a forest reservation was made on the 17th of June, 1902, of 71,000 acres, lying between Hualalai and Maunakea, and northwesterly to the sea. This reservation is of lava formation of various ages, and is partly covered with a thin forest growth; this is infested with wild sheep, which are rapidly destroying the undergrowth and threatening the existence of the forest itself. There are a few wild cattle, which are less injurious than the sheep. Both sheep and cattle will be destroyed or removed from the reservation. It is the intention of the Territorial government to create similar reservations in other localities as opportunity permits. The visit of Mr. Edward M. Griffith, assistant Forester in the Bureau of Forest^ in December last, was of great value to the forestry inter- ests of the Territory. During the few weeks of his visit he made a rapid inspection of the forests of the islands of Oahu, Maui, Molokai, and Hawaii, and thereafter formulated his observations and conclu- sions in a report which will, I believe, be of material assistance in the organization of a forestry system for the Territory. REPORT OF GOVERNOR OF THE TERRITORY OF HAWAII. 31 1 recommend that an assistant forester of the Bureau of Forestry be detailed to study our forests and meteorological conditions with reference to rainfall, water supply, and wind exposure of the several parts of the group and the necessity of foresting areas now exposed^ and to assist the Territorial government in organizing a local forestry bureau. Such a bureau should in a few years become self-supporting, and eventually contribute materially to the national revenues. The Hawaiian forests contain a number of beautiful hard woods suitable for furniture and the interior finishing of houses. The lumber of one of these, the koa {acacia koa), is in large demand and brings a high price. Sandalwood is found in various parts of the group. The growth can easily be much increased, and such an enterprise would undoubtedly be most profitable, as the wood has a steady demand in China and is so valuable that it is sold by the pound. The free distribution of plants by the government nursery reached the number of 32,341. INSECTS. INJURIOUS AND BENEFICIAL INSECTS. The following list, dealing with the more important injurious and beneficial insects of the Hawaiian Islands, is furnished by Mr. R. C. L. Perkins, entomologist in the commission of agriculture and forestry. Many others of some importance in special cases or in restricted localities are omitted. Coleopteka (Beetles). Faru. Cheysomelid.e. — Epitrix parvula. — This species is well known on the main- land as the tobacco flea-beetle. In these it has proved very injurious locally to the eggplant, and is common in many parts of the forest on the poha (Physalis) . Prob- ably it has no natural enemies here, but is parasitized elsewhere by a Braconid fly. From its habit of riddling the leaves with small holes this small beetle is a serious pest in tobacco fields, and would have to be reckoned with in cultivating this plant on a large scale here, since it would probably be soon attracted to these fields. No doubt it is a comparatively recent introduction into these islands, since it was not found by Mr. Blackburn during his six years of entomological work. Fam. Beuchid^;. — Bruchus chinensis and another species. — Introduced in peas, beans, etc., the former at times injurious to these products. Fam. Ceeambycid^; (chiefly group Plagithmysides, peculiar to these islands). — Long-horned beetles. — The larvae are the "mu" of unsound timber, especially notice- able in the koa (Acacia koa). Of this family of beetles about 60 species are known to inhabit the islands, and the larvae of all these are white grubs, which bore in the wood and bark of trees. Nine of the species have been, no doubt, introduced, but all the rest are quite peculiar to the islands and are found only in the mountain forests. Of these peculiar species no less than 16 attack the koa (Acacia koa) only, 5 the mamane (Sophora), 6 the ohia (Metrosiderus), 4 the alani (Pelea), 4 the ahakea (Bobea), while the ohia-ha (Eugenia), the mamake (Piptturus), and the wauke (Broussonetia) have each two species peculiar to them; the naio (Myoporum), the pua (Olea), the koolea (Myrsine), the akala (Rubus), and some others but one each. In contrast to this class, two feed on many kinds of wood, whether in the form of wet, decaying logs or of still living trees. One of these, JEgosoma reflexum, has been noted as attacking roots of cane and coffee in places previously covered with forest, the larvae being, no doubt, driven to this by starvation, having remained in the earth after the removal of their natural food. Of the numerous species of the former class which restrict their attacks, each one to a single kind of tree, the larvae of only two appear to live in healthy, growing trees. One of these is peculiar to the wauke, the other to the bastard sandal. In 32 REPORT OF GOVERNOR OF THE TERRITORY OF HAWAII. the higher forests of Hawaii, in certain localities, nearly every bastard sandal tree is perforated with the burrows of this insect, but the trees flower and seed freely and are certainly not destroyed unless after many years. None of the many other species, including the 16 species peculiar to the koa, attack healthy trees, but when a tree is directly injured by fire or ax, or gnawed by goat, deer, or cattle, or indirectly, by the destruction of the underbrush, which exposes the roots to the heat of the sun and inducing a sickly condition, these beetles are attracted in numbers and, breeding with great rapidity, hasten its destruction. It is not unusual for the owners of forest lands to attribute the destruction of their trees solely to the larvae of these beetles, whereas the injuries caused by running stock in the forest are the primary cause of this destruction, the insects only hasten- ing the decay of trees already sickly and doomed. In virgin forests, untrodden by cattle and untouched by fire or ax, one may spend many weeks without seeing a single individual of the beetles, unless one chances on a tree in a natural state of decay, whereas in adjoining forests occupied by cattle hardly a tree of certain kinds is free from attack. Moreover, the evolution of nearly 60 allied species, so modified that their relationship with foreign forms is very remote, must have required vast ages for its accomplishment, and were they as destructive under natural conditions as under those induced by man all the trees attacked by them would have been exterminated ages before these islands wTere inhabited by him. At the present time the various species of the Plagithmysides are parasitized by two species of Braconid flies, one a recent, the other an older importation. Both freely attack the introduced Cerambycids as well as the native, and both are con- tinually extending their range and increasing in numbers. In some cases we have known only 1 or 2 per cent of the larvae to escape destruction from these parasites. The older species was described from these islands as Monolexis palliatus; the xecent arrival is probably an undescribed species. One native bird, the remarkable pseudonestor, feeds almost solely on the larvae of these beetles, but it is restricted to a small area on haleakala only. With regard to the 9 introduced Cerambycid beetles the same remarks apply as already made on the indigenous species. Destruc- tive to sickly trees, they rarely if ever attack such as are in a healthy condition. Fam. CuECULioNiDiE. — Aramigus fulleri. — Introduced within the last twenty years probably, since it wTas not obtained by Mr. Blackburn, who collected at Olinda. It is well known on Maui as the olinda bug and in the United States as "Fuller's rose- beetle." It is injurious to the koa and other trees and plants on Maui. It has of late years been carried to Hawaii, where in certain localities it rivals the Japanese heetle in consumption of foliage. It has no natural enemies in this country. Cylas turcipennis and Hyperomorpha squamosa. — Two weevils on sweet potato. The former also on other species of Ipomcea. No natural enemies known. Sphenophorus obscurus. — The cane borer of these islands. Probably originally introduced in cocoanuts from Samoa, Fiji, or Tahiti. Found in large numbers in all stages in the drupe of seed cocoanuts recently imported from Samoa. Also breeds in banana, royal palm, and papaya. Calandra oryzie. — In rice and stored grain; introduced with a Chalcid parasite. Fam. Anthribid.e.— Arseocerus faseiculatus. — Destroying seeds of many forest trees, •e. g., koa, mamane, etc.; also in coffee berries. No natural enemies known here. Fam. ScoLYTiDiE. — Hypothenemus maculicoUis. — Reported as injurious to (boring in) alligator pear on Hawaii; also injurious to many trees when pruned or in sickly condition. H. eruditus often in company with the preceding in many kinds of trees and plants. Both are parasitized by a Bethylid occasionally. No doubt both are imported species; the H. eruditus has been described under many names from different countries. Xyleborus. — Many species, mostly native, but some (e. g., X. pubescens) introduced. Mostly attack only sickly or dying trees. Myriads of X. pubescens bred in the par- tially burnt trees of the plague-infested districts of Honolulu; and this and other species ravage the surviving but injured trees after a forest fire. A native species, probably A", rugatus, was destroying most of the surviving halapepe trees near the head of Nuuanu Valley. No natural enemies known in these islands. Fam. TenebrioniDjE. — Gnathocerus cornutus, Tribolium ferrugineum, Atyhitobius piceus, Alphitobius diaperinus, Tenebrio molitor. — In flour and stored produce, as in other countries; cosmopolitan introduced species. Fam. BosTRiCHiDiE. — Boslrichus migrator. — Boring holes in wooden tanks and also in woodwork of houses. Fam. Anobiid^:. — Lasioderma serricorne. — Injurious to cigars and cigarettes. Intro- duced species. Fam. Elaterid^e. — Clialcolepidius erythroloma. — Introduced. Larvae noticed breed- ing in numbers in orange trees, but these were probably unhealthy before they were attacked. REPORT OF GOVERNOR OF THE TERRITORY OF HAWAII. 33 Fam. BupeestidjE. — A small unidentified beetle of this family was breeding in great numbers and doing much injury to trees in the lower part of the planted Tan- talus forest in 1900. A recent introduction. Fam. Melolonthid.e. — Introduced within the last ten years, probably from Japan, and generally known in the islands as the Japanese beetle. For some time it was restricted to Oahu, but has now spread to the other islands and has extended its range to a considerable elevation in the mountain forests. As a beetle it is injurious to some shade and forest trees as well as many ornamental plants. Fortunately, unlike many of its allies, it appears to do little or no damage in the larva stage. It has no insect parasites, but is readily destroyed by two species of fungi under condi- tions of moisture suitable for their growth. Fam. CocciNELLiDiE or Ladybirds. — Formerly these beneficial insects wrere repre- sented by only four species, and it is quite probable that all of these were accident- ally imported with plants from other countries and that none were truly indigenous. These four species consisted of three minute species of Scymnus and the larger Neda abominalis. Owing to this deficiency in ladybirds, many scale insects especially, which had been introduced wdth foreign plants and with no natural enemies,, increased beyond all bounds. The highly successful introduction of Vedalia as a remedy for the attacks of Icerya w7as followed by that of many other species, some of which have flourished, while others have failed to established themselves. The most important (excluding the Vedalia) have been Cryptolsemus montrouzieri Platyo- mus lividigaster, Rhizobius ventralis, Coccinella repanda, Orcus chalybeus, Caiophora pupillata, Scymnus debilis, etc. Chilocorus cireumdatus, which for a time bred freely and did fine work, has become extremely scarce, although its food remains abundant. A number of small and inconspicuous species are well established and abundant whenever an increase takes place in their special food. Fam. Nitidulid.e. — Carpophilus mdculatus, Catpophilus dimidiaius. — Domestic, attacking various articles of food. Haptoncus spp.? — Breeding in fermenting exudation of growing cane, where attacked by other insects, and in seeds of some forest trees in company with Brachypeplus. LEPIDOPTERA (Butterflies and moths). Fam. Caradrinid^e. — Agrotis upsilon, Agrotis crinigera, Agrotis dislocata. — The cater- pillars of these three species are the most widely spread and destructive of Hawaiian cutworms. They are properly called "Peelua" by the natives, from their habit of hiding themselves beneath the earth in the daytime. The native name, '' Poko," also sometimes applied to these caterpillars, is more correctly restricted to other kinds. That of A. crinigera is the largest, and when, as often, it is found in myriads in a lim- ited area, it destroys nearly all kinds of vegetables and garden produce. Sometimes all three species are found in company, and the caterpillars considerably resemble one another, although the moth's are extremely different. The cutworm which produces A. upsilon is easily distinguished from the other two by the greasy appearance of the skin, which is seen even with a moderate lens to be distinctly shagreened, and by the nearly entirely dark sides of the head. It is a foreign species. The other two species are supposed to be peculiar to the islands, and their cutworms greatly resemble each other. A. dislocata is smaller, the eyes are placed on a distinct dark spot, and there is another largish spot above this. The crinigera cutworm attains a much larger size and is without the above-mentioned dark spots. Each of these cutworms is subject to the attack of and destruction by Tachinid flies. A. dislocata, at least, is destroyed by an Ichneumon fly of the genus Limnerium, but in spite of this it is locally and periodically abundant and injurious. There are 23 other species of cut- worms of this genus known to inhabit the islands, but none of these have been reported as injurious. Heliothis armiger. — Common in the islands, but not hitherto reported as injurious as in other countries. Much parasitized by Tachinid fly. This is the well known "bollworm," so injurious to cotton, cereals, etc., on the mainland. Leucania unipuncla. — Very destructive in other countries, but so far not so reported in these islands. The true "army worm," which name is often applied in the islands to the following species, the S. mauritia or grass worm. Spodoptera mauritia. — Caterpillar injurious to young sugar cane and highly injuri- ous to pasture lands periodically, when it is seen in incredible numbers devouring the fresh blades of grass. No parasites reported, but no doubt it is attacked by Tachinid flies. It appears probable that this species is identical with the well-known and injurious Laphygma frugiferda of America. It forms a favorite food of the golden plover and ring dove, which attains its finest condition when feeding on these caterpillars. 8750—02 3 34 REPORT OF GOVERNOR OF THE TERRITORY OF HAWAII. S. Exigua. — Sometimes injurious to garden produce, cabbage, etc. Fam. Seudoskmid.k. — Scotorhythra idolias. — The caterpillar of this moth is well known from the fact that it periodically destroys the foliage of the koa in the for< sts of Hawaii. This periodical defoliation of every tree over large areas would appear to he of comparatively recent origin and is probably to be attributed to the great decrease that has taken place in the numbers of the native birds, with many of which these caterpillars are a favorite food. They are apparently not greatly subject to tin- attacks of parasites, but are sometimes destroyed by the Ichneumonid flies of the genus Lim- nerium, and probably by some of the species of F.nicospilus. Similar lavages in the koa forests of east Maui appear to be due to the caterpillars of the closely allied ft paludieola, but as nearly forty species of the genus are known, and the caterpillars of several may often be found on a single tree, it is probable that other species also join in the attack on the koa. Scotorhythra is a genus quite peculiar to the Hawaiian Islands, and consequently the chance of procuring parasitic enemies from elsewhere is not hopeful. An increase in the numbers of native birds which habitually feed on these caterpillars is required to keep down their numbers. Fam. Pierid.e. — Pieris raj)&. — The cabbage or garden white butterfly is a recent introduction and, as in all other countries where it is native or has been introduced, injurious to cabbage. Nevertheless, it has not increased to the extent that might have been expected in the absence of its natural enemies, at least around Honolulu. This is certainly largely due to the fact that here it almost ceases to appear during the summer months, and that the caterpillar is preyed on by one of the foreign wasps, while the eggs are devoured by some of the imported species of ants. These enemies seem to more than make up for the absence of the European parasites. In this country only the summer form of the butterfly is produced, there being no seasonal dimorphism. In places remote from cultivation the caterpillar of this butterfly feeds as freely on the native Capparis (Puapilo) as it does on the cabbages in gardens. Fam. Phycitid^e. — Ephestia elutella and other species. — Imported domestic species, injurious to stored produce, as in nearly all countries. Fam. Pyraustid^e. — Margaronia exaula. — Caterpillar between the leaves of many kinds of Euphorbiaceous plants, both native and introduced, often entirely destroying the foliage. It is eaten by the sparrow in Honolulu and in the forests is killed by native predatory wasps. Omiodes blackburni. — The caterpillar of this moth is the cocoanut leaf worm, and few of these, palms can be seen which are not greatly disfigured by its attack. It also feeds on the leaves of other palms and sometimes entirely kills those of the banana. It is much parasitized in many localities by a species of Ecthromorpha, as well as by the introduced Chalcis obscurata; sometimes also by Pimpla. But for the attacks of these it is probable that the cocoanut palm could hardly exist here. The cocoanut moth is peculiar to these islands. ■ Omiodes accepta, Omiodes epicentra, — Caterpillars feed on grasses and the leaves of sugar cane. Rather injurious. Much sought after by predaceous native wasps ( Ody- nerus), being the favorite food of some species. Omiodes, other species. — Of several of these the caterpillars are grass eaters, but they appear to choose generally such kinds as are of little value as pasturage. Conse- quently, although extraordinarily numerous in most pasture lands, their attacks are of small account. Hellula undalis. — Caterpillar well known on the American continent as the web- worm of the cabbage, to which it is also injurious in these islands. No natural ene- mies are known in this country, but on the Continent it is parasitized by the Ichneumon fly, Meteorus, and a Braconid Porizon. Tortricina and Tineina. — The small moths comprised in these two groups are very numerously represented in the islands, and in some cases the species are important economically. As an extensive work on these is now in the press it is not possible at the present time to refer to the species listed below by their scientific names, as these are for the most part not yet published. (i) Yellow Tortri.v of the Citrus. — Probablv a very recent introduction, most prob- ably' brought on citrus trees from Australia, where it is known to occur, as also in New Caledonia. Though especially injurious on lime and orange trees, the yellow or green caterpillar is polyphageous, feeding on such diverse plants as Euphorbia, Ole- ander, Nasturtium, cotton, seeds of Acacia' koa, fruit and seed of Eugenia, etc. It appears to be rapidly increasing each year, although parasitized by Chalcis, Chelonus, and Pimpla. On citrus trees it not only eats the leaves, especially those of young shoots, but gnawing at the base of the young fruit causes this to drop off, so that sometimes 90 per cent or more of the fruit on a trees which is badly attacked is lost. {2) Small red Tortri.v of the Koa. — Very numerous in many koa forests, caterpillar feeding on terminal twigs and on seeds. REPORT OF GOVERNOR OF THE TERRITORY OF HAWAII. 35 (3) Dark-colored Tortrix of Koa, feeding in gall-like swellings of the stem. (5) Larger red seed-eating Tortrix. — Seeds of sapindus, koa, acacia farnesiana, etc. Sometimes destroying every seed of the last named, the flowers of which are valua- ble for making perfume, and the beans as food for cattle. (5) Gray tortrix of the Mamane (Sophora) caterpillar; destroying seeds. All the above species are important as destroying large quantities of seed of valua- ble forest trees, especially Acacia koa and Sophora chrysophyila. They are hardly, if at all, accessible to the attacks of any species of birds, but some of them are a favor- ite food of many native wasps, but for which, with the aid of many other species of their own family, they would probably devastate the forest. Several are certainly foreign insects, imported with seeds and plants, and it is probably due to the attacks of one or other of these that in some districts it is said that hardly a sound seed of the koa is now attainable. (6) Gray Tortrix of the, Ohia (Metrosiderus) . — Numerous in places and injurious, but the caterpillars destroyed to an enormous extent by native wasp. (7) Azinis hilarella. — Caterpillar defoliating the koa tree (Cordia suhcorda) or greatly disfiguring it. Sometimes parasitized by Pimpla. Only attacks the native Cordia. An introduced and handsome species is quite free from this caterpillar. (8) Gelechiid {undetermined) , attacking cotton bolls. [Parasitized by Chelonus blackburni.] HEMIPTEEA (BUGS, PLANT LICE, SCALE INSECTS, ETC.). The native Hemipterous fauna consists to a large extent of Capsidfe in the one section and of Fulgoridfe in the other. All these are confined entirely to the moun- tain forests and even when abundant are apparently harmless. Scale insects and Aphididfe were certainly absent until carelessly imported with plants by the white man, but are now represented by numerous species, some of which have proved extremely injurious. HEMIPTERA HOMOPTERA. Fam. Fulgorid;e. — (1) Pa?ciloptera acuta. — On mango and coffee trees, especially in wet districts, and on forest trees up to 2,000 feet. Badly affected trees have the foliage entirely black from the fungoid growth on the excretions of the insect. No natural enemy known in this country. The species was probably imported about twelve years ago. {£) Fulgorid of the sugar cane. — Probably a recent importation, since the species has only come into prominent notice during the last year or two. It is commonly known as the sugar cane leaf hopper, being similar in appearance to the Jassids, which are more correctly termed leaf hopper. It would appear to be different to any of the three species recorded as injuring cane in Java. Seed cane recently imported from Queensland contained eggs abundantly and some immature forms or larva? of a Fulgorid very similar to and perhaps identical with the Hawaiian pest. The eggs are laid either in the leaf or in the stem of the cane beneath the surface in a small chamber formed by the ovipositor of the parent. A minute scar marks the situation of this chamber. When badly affected the leaf becomes either spotted or entirely red, and the usual black fungoid growth follows the attack. The only natural enemies to this Fulgorid at present are a recently (and accidentally) imported Reduviid bug, now becoming very numerous, and the various kinds of spiders, which are usually abundant in the cane fields. Fam. Aphididfe. — Three or four species of Aphis have been imported with plants, but the introduced Coccinellids generally keep these fairly in check. The larva? of Chrysopa microphya and Xanthogramma grandicornis also do excellent service, but the latter is itself subject to the attacks of hymenopterous parasites. Certain species of Braconid hymenoptera and additional species of Syrphida? might advantageously be imported to assist the above-mentioned enemies of Aphis. Fam. Coccivm. — No complete list of Hawaiian scale insects has been published, but the species may be estimated as numbering from 50 to 75. Owing to the introduc- tion of ladybirds and hymenopterous parasites very few of these species now do any serious damage, the ravages of Icerya, Pulvinaria, and others being things of the past. Some scale insects formerly ubiquitous and often in myriads on a single bush, as a few years since was Ceroplastes, now require hunting for. Apart from the lady- birds the Chalcid parasites of the genera Encyrtus, Tomocerus, Coecophagus, etc., have done excellent service. At the present time probably the two most injurious scale insects are the purple scale, Mytilaspis cilricola of the citrus trees and the white Eriococceusf of the alligator 38 REPORT OF GOVERNOR OF THE TERRITORY OF HAWAII. pear, guava, and other trees. Though the male scale of the latter is readily eaten hy several ladybirds, a good enemy for the female is much needed. One scale insect ( Orthezia instgnis) has been lately spread by sonic landowners over the land in the hopes that it will destroy the lantana. The wisdom of this course is very questionable, as the Orthezi is well known elsewhere to be a most destructive insect, attacking a great variety of trees other than lantana. It is said to be particu- larly injurious to rutaceous trees, of which, as is well known, a large part of the Ha- waiian forest consists. HETEROPTKRA. Fam. Reduviid.e. — A brightly colored Reduviid bug imported accidentally within the last few years has now become extremely common. It does good work in preying on many injurious insects, such as plant lice, the cane hopper, etc. At the same time it destroys to some extent the beneficial ladybirds, piercing them through with its beak. DIPTERA (TWO-WINGED FLIES). The injurious Diptera consist entirely of imported species and include the usual species infesting stock, the horn fly (Hsemotdbia serrata) , imported during recent years, being now the worst and extremely numerous. The CEstrus oris, attacking sheep, and two or three undetermined bot flies, attacking cattle, have been imported with stock as in in other countries. The two species of Culex, or mosquito, one of which is diurnal, the other nocturnal, are excessively numerous on the lowlands and up to moderate eleva- tions in the mountains. In some districts of the islands where they are very troublesome they could be practically exterminated by the usual remedies with comparatively small trouble, but in places where are extensive taro patches, rice fields, and swamps, their extermination is probably impracticable. Fortunately the Anopheles mosquito is absent from the islands, and the true intermittent or malarial fever is consequently not known except in the chance case of a person just arrived from other countries with the fever still in the system. Fam. Teypetid.e. — Some five or six years ago a fruit fly was introduced, which practically put an end to the raising of melons, cucumbers, etc., unless these were so guarded that the fruit wTas inaccessible to the fly. This species was described at Washington as Dacus cucurbitss, from Honolulu. Its true home is. no doubt, either Japan or China. At Hongkong a species is found almost identical in size, color, and form, and which only differs in having an additional pair of bristles on the scutellum. Parasites for the melon fly could, no doubt, be procured from that country. Fam. Ortalid.e. — Euxesta annonse. — Larva on cane attacked by other insects. An introduced species. Orthoptera, crickets, grasshoppers, etc., collectively known as " Uhini " or "Unihi" in Hawaii, and the roaches as " Elelu." The native insects of this group are of no importance economically, but some of the imported ones are more or less injurious. Of nearly a score of Blattida? (roaches) all but one are certainly imported. Most of these are parasitized by two species of Evania, and are con sequent!}' much less numerous than they otherwise could be. The Ele.utheroda dytiscoides sometimes kills the branches of cypress and other trees, gnawing off the bark. The grasshopper (O.rya relox) and the locustid (Xipkidium fuscum) frequently swarm in cane fields and grass lands, and must necessarily do a certain amount of damage. They have no natural enemies of importance. NEUROPTERA. The foreign dragon flies or Pinau (Pantala, Anax, and Tramea), which are natural immigrants, are of considerable value in destroying mosquitoes in all stages and the winged adults of Termites. Additional species, especially such as would live in brackish water, might advantageously be imported. The Chrysopa microphya, as- already noticed, feeds on many kinds of scales, plant lice, etc., and other species of similar habits might well be introduced. HYMENOPTERA (BEES, WASPS, ICHNEUMON" FLIES, ETC.). The beneficial parasitic Hymenoptera have already been noticed under various pests. It remains to call special attention to the native wTasps (Odynerus and allied forms), since they are not only of extreme importance for the protection of many forest trees, but also for the preservation of many forage plants. Existing in all seasons in millions on each island of the group, and continually storing up caterpil- lars for their young, the extent of their services is known only to those who have REPORT OF GOVERNOR OF THE TERRITORY OF HAWAII. 37 specially studied the matter. Many of the caterpillars destroyed are of the most hidden kinds, and such as are not subject to the attacks of birds. At present these wasps have no enemies, the native birds not feeding on them in any stage, or at least only on very rare occasions. For this reason the importation of all birds which hunt for food along dead branches of trees (in which the white grubs of most of the forest- frequenting wasps are placed) is carefully to be avoided, as well as of such insectiv- orous birds as are liable to feed on these insects when in the mature state. Similarly no insect parasite which might possibly attack the larva of these wasps should ever be introduced into the islands. Megachile palmarum (leaf cutter or tailor bee). — Disfiguring many ornamental plants and shrubs by cutting out oval and circular pieces from- the leaves. Of comparatively recent introduction, now extremely numerous. No insect parasites. FISHERIES. A law forbidding the use of nets in fishing with a mesh under a cer- tain size is vital to the protection of the sea fisheries. The use of small-mesh nets and the use of dynamite is seriously injuring the fishing interests of the Territory. As Chinese and Japanese fishermen are mainly responsible for the injury caused by the use of a small mesh, a remed}^ may be found in the provision of the organic act, section 95, which opens all sea fish- eries to citizens of the United States, the implication being that those who are not citizens are without fishing rights. Measures have been taken to subject the fishing privileges of noncitizens to certain strict regulations in regard to the size of mesh of fishing nets and the use of dynamite. Honolulu fish market. — Fish exposed for sale, 2,571,796; fish con- demned, 31,650, or 1.23 per cent. Hilo fish market. — Fish exposed for sale during eleven months to July 1, 582,077; fish condemned, 1,109, or 0.21 per cent. The disparity in the percentage of fish condemned in Honolulu and Hilo can hardly be accounted for, except on the ground of greater strictness on the part of the Honolulu inspectors. Eighty-eight kinds of fish by the Hawaiian nomenclature were recorded at the Honolulu market and 76 kinds at the Hilo market. Both markets had five kinds of other marine animals exposed for sale as food, such as turtles, squid, crabs, crawfish, and sea urchins. CORPORATIONS. On June 30, 1901, there were 350 corporations in force. Corporations filed from. July 1, 1901, to June 30, 1902. Agricultural 2 Mercantile 52 Insurance 1 Railways 2 Benevolent societies 2 Total 59 RAILROAD ENTERPRISE. The Hawaii Railway Compan}^ operates 20 miles of 3-foot track in North Kohala, island of Hawaii. Weight of rails from 20 to 35 pounds per yard. Rolling stock, 1 locomotives and 80 cars. Business of the road consists mainly in carrying plantation supplies and sugar, includ- 38 REPORT OF GOVERNOR OF THE TERRITORY OF HAWAII. ing lighterage of freight and loading of sailing vessels at the port of Mahukona. Freight is 10 cents per ton per mile. Capitalization, §50.000; working capital. $85,000. Business satisfactory. The Oahu Railway and Land Company was incorporated in L889 for the purpose of building steam railroads on any part of the island of Oahu, and to this end a franchise was granted for fifty years. The line extends around the southern side of the island to Kahuku, the northernmost part of the island of Oahu, a distance of 71 miles. Including branches and sidings the road has in operation a total of 84 miles. The company controls about 80,000 acres of pasturage and sugar lands under from forty to fifty year leases. On these lands are located Ewa and Kahuku plantations and a portion of Honolulu and Oahu plantations. There are six sugar plantations on the line of the road, with an aggregate yield at present of 95,000 tons of sugar. All of the freight to and from said plantations is at present carried over the railroad. The track is 3-foot gauge, 18-pound rails; 12 locomotives are in use and 276 cars. The number of passengers carried from July 1, 1901, to July 1, 1902, was 437,615. The number of tons of freight hauled during the same period was 308,531. During the past two }7ears the company has made extensive improve- ments on its water-front property, constructing 4,000 linear feet of wharfage with a depth of water 30 feet. The same are equipped with two warehouses having a storage capacity of 10,000 tons each, and provided with electric conveyers capable of delivering to vessels lying at the docks 250 tons of sugar per hour. The Hilo Railroad Company was chartered May 28, 1899; capital stock, 11,000,000; authorized capital, $10,000,000; $850,000 6 per cent coupon 1-20 bonds have been issued. The road has been constructed from Waiakea, at the east side of Hilo Harbor, to Kapoho, in the district of Puna, a distance of 24 miles. On this line, and 7 miles out from Hilo, is the Olaa Sugar Company's mill. From this point the railroad runs through Keeau and Olaa to the 22 milepost on the Volcano road, 9 miles from the Volcano House. The elevation of this terminus is 2,300 feet. This part of the line is nearl}T constructed, and will probably be tinished by January 1, 1903. The company intends to extend the railroad along the beach at Hilo to the post-office block north of Waianuenue street and to the wharf, with a branch to Hawaii mill. The location of this extension has been approved hy the Territory of Hawaii in accordance with the terms of the franchise of the companj^. The railroad is of standard gauge, with rails weighing 60 pounds per yard. Equipment consists of 3 Baldwin locomotives, 1 Schenec- tady locomotive, and 60 cars. The company is also equipped with a first-class machine shop and foundiy capable of doing any kind of plantation or railroad work. Kona-Kau Railway. — Prior to the incorporation of the Kona-Kau Railway Company there had been two railway companies for the island of Hawaii incorporated, which contemplated the extension of rail- roads substantially around the island with the exception of Kona and Kau districts. The Kona-Kau Railway Cornpaivy plans eventually to connect with such roads, thus effecting a continuous line of rails around the island of Hawaii. REPORT OF GOVERNOR OF THE TERRITORY OF HA WAIT. 39 Preliminary surveys have been made of the whole length of the pro- posed line of this company about 120 miles. Between 25 and 30 miles have been surveyed, located, and mapped, and subject to the approval of the governor, are ready to be contracted for. About $50,000 have already been expended. The seacoast terminus of this road will be at Kealakekua Bay. The level of the main line will approximate 1,400 feet. It will traverse the Kona and Kau districts at about that level. Prospects are favorable for the beginning of the woik of construc- tion early next year. STREET RAILWAYS. I have not been able to obtain a report from the Hawaiian Tram- ways Company, Limited, of their year's work. The governor's report of 1900 is approximateh7 applicable to this company for the past year except as to its income, which has probably fallen off somewhat, owing to the competition of the Honolulu Rapid Transit and Land Company. The latter company began operations on the 31st day of August, 1901, with a track mileage of 4.4 miles, and constructed and put into operation within a year 7.31 additional miles, making a total of 11.71 miles. An extension to Waikiki, a populous suburb on the seashore, is under construction. Since this company began carrying passengers no interruption through an}7 defect in the steam or electrical equip- ment has occurred. The following table furnished by Mr. Ballentyne, the manager of the company, gives the monthly results for the first year's operations: Month. , Mileage. I 1901. September ! 24, 938 October ' 29, 032 November 33, 487 December j 42,594 1902. January ! 47, 775 February ! 43, 567 March I 47, 817 April ; 46, 798 Mav ! 48, 521 June j 51, 663 July ; 67, 736 August I 71, 505 Total ! 555, 433 Passengers, Earnings. Expenses. Net earn- ings. Miles in opera- tion 201,922 192, 257 214, 286 270, 633 277, 891 259, 819 263, 902 270, 212 283, 133 300, 874 345, 248 345, 056 $10,001.25 9,327.55 10, 445. 15 13, 125. 90 13,411.25 12,439.05 12, 626. 35 12,976.10 13,527.60 14, 516. 10 17,016.40 16,944.70 ff4, 740. 14 5, 603. 07 6,464.44 7, 454. 30 8, 431. 08 7,301.45 7, 595. 96 7, 857. 26 8, 053. 65 7, 866. 49 10,116.51 9, 420. 18 85,261.11 3, 724. 48 3, 980. 71 5,671.60 4, 980. 17 5,137.60 5, 030. 39 5,118.84 5, 473. 95 6,649.61 6, 899. 89 7,524.52 3, 255, 233 156, 357. 40 90, 904. 53 65, 452. 87 4.40 6.17 7.17 7.95 7.95 7.95 7.95 7.95 7.95 9.26 11.10 11.71 a 8. 12 Average operating expense to earnings, 58.1 per cent. Average expense of carrying passengers per head, 2.8 cents. EDUCATION. The report of the superintendent of public instruction, Mr. Alatau T. Atkinson, for the past year is very concise and yet so full that after incorporating the greater part of it in my report there is little left for me to sa}T on this subject. I would call attention to some interesting deductions drawn from Mr. Atkinson's figures. 40 REPORT OF GOVEKNGE OF THE TERRITORY OF HAWAII. The number of pupils in the public schools is 13,189, showing an increase of 6,041, or 84| per cent, over the number in L892, which was 7,148. The number of pupils in private schools is 4,329, showing an increase of 1,317, or 44 per cent, over the number in 1892, which was 3,012. The number of pupils in all schools 17,518, showing an increase of 7,358. or 7^ per cent, over the number in 1892, which was L0,160. in the public schools there is an average of 35 pupils to one teacher, and in private schools an average of 19 pupils to one teacher. Of the teachers in the public schools 72| per cent are women and 27^ per cent are men;" of the teachers in private schools 64^ per cent are women and 35f per cent are men. while of the teachers in all schools 69f per cent are women and 30£ per cent are men. Of the pupils in the public schools 55 per cent are boys and 45 per cent are girls; of the pupils in private schools 53i per cent are boys and 46i per cent are girls, while of the pupils in all schools 54^ per cent are bo3Ts and 45A- per cent are girls. Hawaiians and part Hawaiians make up 24i per cent of the teach- ing force in public and private schools, while in the public schools alone they form 44 ^ per cent of the teaching force. Among the pupils of all schools Hawaiians and part Hawaiians form 44i per cent and in the public schools 46i per cent. [Extract from the report of the superintendent of public instruction.] The public schools of the islands are 143 in number, while the private or inde- pendent schools are 54. This by no means gives the number of school buildings. Many of them are being taught in several buildings. Thus the normal school has three separate buildings, the Ainakea School in Kohala has two, so has the Maka- pala School in the same district, the Royal School has four, and so forth. By the 143 schools is meant 143 schools under the charge of 143 principals. These schools vary in size from 600 in some of the city schools to an enrollment of 15 or 20 in very remote and isolated villages. The total enrollment in all schools of the Territory is 17,518. The enrollment in the public schools on June 20 of this year, when the schools closed for vacation, was 13,189, the largest number ever reported. In 1892 the enrollment was 7,148, so that there has been an advance of say 6,000 during the decade. These pupils are instructed by 380 teachers. The enrollment of the private or independent schools is 4,329 as against 3,012 in 1892, an advance of say 1,300 in the decade. These schools receive instruction from 229 teachers. The accompanying table shows these facts: Number of schools, teachers, and pujrils in the Territory of Hawaii. Schools. Teachers. Pupils. Male. Female. Total, j Jlale. i Female. Total. 143 54 104 276 81 ! 148 3S0 ! 229 7,233 2,318 5,956 2,011 13, 189 4,329 Total 197 185 424 609) 9,551! 7.967 17, 51S The nationality of pupils in the schools is varied, there being no less than eleven divisions. The comparative table will show that while the Hawaiian school children of unmixed blood have somewhat decreased, the Hawaiian children of mixed blood have increased. Ten years ago, in 1892, the number of Hawaiians of unmixed blood numbered 5,353, and the Hawaiians of mixed blood, or part Hawaiians, reported 1,866 or 7,219 in all. At the present time, 1902, there are 4,903 Hawaiians, and 2,869 part Hawaiians, making a total of 7,772, an increase of 500 children who claim Hawaiian ancestors. In the same period of time the Portuguese children attending school have increased from 2,253 to 4,124, or have practically doubled, the increase being close on 2,000 REPORT OF GOVERNOR OF THE TERRITORY OF HAWAII. 41 during the ten years. The increase of Portuguese children attending school has been four times that of those of Hawaiian descent. On the other hand, if we eliminate the Hawaiians of pure blood we find the increase of the part Hawaiian to be very close to the increase of the Portuguese, the part Hawaiian showing an advance of 1,296 children in school during the ten years. This increase, of course, does not come from importation, but from the natural increase of families born and brought up here. On the other hand, among the Japanese a number of children were born in Japan and brought here. Some idea of the increase of Japanese population can be gathered from the fact that in 1892 there were but 60 Japanese children in school, while in 1902, ten years later, there were 1,993. Chinese children have increased in the decade from 353 to 1,395. These form the main races from which our schools are recruited. The Porto Ricans, though only about two years in the country, show up to the number of 596. As these races are mingled in school, there being no government school devoted to any special race, the problem of teaching these pupils is no easy one. The whole mass is taught in the English language, and that we should have the success which has attended our efforts argues well for the system which has been instituted and carried on for the last fifteen years. Up to the year 1887 there were quite a number of public schools taught in Hawaiian. By continued petitions from the parents these schools were gradually converted into English schools. The last school taught in Hawaiian was changed into an English school in 1901. This was on the island of Xiihau. One of the young Hawaiians on that island, the grandson of the native schoolmaster, came to Honolulu, was educated in English, and has returned to the island to teach the future generation of Niihau Islanders in the English language. The following is the table of school children, by nationalities: Nationality of pupils attending school in the Territory of Hawaii. Public. Private. Total. 4,146 1,993 447 143 155 2,876 74 1,785 931 539 100 757 876 365 97 182 1,248 24 208 464 57 51 4,903 2,869 812 240 337 4, 124 98 1,993 1,395 596 151 Total 13, 189 4, 329 17,518 To instruct this heterogeneous mass of pupils the public schools employ 380 teach- ers and the private schools 229. This gives an average of 34 pupils to each public school-teacher and an average of 19 pupils to every teacher in the private schools. The public school work, therefore, is a great deal harder than the work in most of the private schools. Of the nationalities employed in the teaching force of the public schools 58 are Hawaiians and 59 are part Hawaiians, making 117 teachers of Hawaiian descent, everyone of whom has passed through the schools of the Territory, and the majority holding certificates from the department of education, obtained by examination, or from the territorial normal school, after a three years' course. American teachers, however, head the list with 188 individuals. Of these, while many come from the mainland, a large percentage is supplied from those born and brought up on the islands, and some of the most useful and progressive of our teachers are the product of our own public schools and normal school. The Portuguese and Scandinavians employed as teachers in the public schools have nearly all been brought up in the territorial schools. They are the descendents of immigrants who came here as labor- ers in the first instance. They all earn good salaries. There is a case hereof a Por- tuguese young lady whose parents came to work on the plantations, receiving wages of 820 to 825 a month. She distinguished herself in school, studied ^ind passed her examinations for a first-class certificate, and, having occupied positions as assistant, is now principal of a large school at a salary of $1,000 a year and a good prospect of future advancement. The private schools employ more teachers of foreign parentage than the public schools. They employ only 32 teachers of Hawaiian blood, and very few of their 42 REPORT OF GOVERNOR OF THE TERRITORY OF HAWAII. teachers have been educated in the Territory. The Portuguese teachers in this employ have been drawn from the Portuguese colony in Jacksonville, 111., and are of course Protestants. The majority of the Portuguese employed in the public schools are Roman Catholics. The following table gives the nationalities of the teachers in the two classes of schools in the Territory, and likewise the totals. Out of a total of 609 teachers, 185 are males and 424 are females: Comparative table of nationality of teachers. Nationality. Public Private schools, schools. Total. Hawaiian Part Hawaiian . . American British German Portuguese French Scandinavian . . . Belgian Japanese Chinese Other foreigners Total 58 59 188 44 3 16 1 10 3S0 21 11 141 12 229 79 70 329 56 11 23 10 15 3 5 6 In the following table the distribution of the public and private schools, together* with the teachers and pupils, is given according to the various islands. It will be noted that the bulk of the private schools is to be found on the island of Oahu, and practically in the city of Honolulu. These private or independent schools receive their support from endowment estates, as Oahu College, with its preparatory and kindergarten attachments, to which institutions lands and money have been donated and willed, and also the Kamehameha schools for boys and girls, which receive their income from the Bishop estate lands, left for the purposes of education, by the late Bernice Pauahi Bishop. Others are supported by religious bodies, as the St. Louis College by the Roman Catholics, and certain seminaries by the Protestant denomi- nations. There are also a few small schools kept for profit by their teachers. Distribution of schools, pupils, and teachers in the Hawaiian Islands. PUBLIC SCHOOLS. Island. Number of schools. Teachers. Pupils. Male. Female. Total. Male. Female. Total. 56 30 9 33 15 37 27 5 22 13 91 37 6 113 29 128 64 11 135 42 2,367 1,170 135 2,587 974 1,970 1,008 108 2,090 780 4,337 2, 178 Molokai Oahu Kauai and Niihau 243 4,677 1,754 Total 143 104 276 . 380 7,233 5, 956 13, 189 PRIVATE SCHOOLS. 11 9 1 29 4 13 6 3 54 5 23 21 36 27 3 154 9 411 234 44 1,545 75 376 341 787 584 44 100 4 1,218 76 2, 763 151 Total 54 81 148 229 2,318 2,011 4, 329 The next table shows the ages of pupils in the schools, giving private schools, public schools, and also the totals. Of the 17,518 enrolled pupils, 15,525 are of regu- lar school age. The pupils below school age are chiefly in the kindergarten schools, while those above school age are in such institutions as Lahainaluna Seminary, Oahu College, St. Louis College, the high school, the normal school, together with a sprinkling in the higher classes of various large schools throughout the group. REPORT OF GOVERNOR OF THE TERRITORY OF HAWAII. 43 Ages of all pupils in all schools of Hie Territory of Hawaii. Age. Public schools. Private schools. Total, public and pri- vate schools. Boys. Girls. Total. Boys. Girls. Total. Boys. Girls. Total. Under 6 years 198 2,385 149 1,719 347 4,104 262 288 550 460 137 897 1,711 1,486 3,197 8,458 7,067 15,525 4, 362 288 3, S62- 226 8,224 514 345 237 582 633 463 1, 096 Besides the regular course of study attention is given to industrial work, drawing, and sewing. The results of some of the work have been shown at Buffalo and Charles- ton. The exhibit at the latter gained a first-class medal. Effort is being made to have all pupils, whether boys or girls, taught sewing. There will in the future be a steady increase in all this style of working. Besides teaching the brain to think and the tongue to speak, we must have the fingers to work. Number of pupils in sewing, agriculture, manual work, drawing, and tonic sol fa in public- schools. Island. Sewing. Knife work. j Lauhala 1 Agricul- | and Mat, ture. bamboo i weaving. | work. Other manual training. Draw- ing. Singing tonic sol fa. Hawaii Maui Molokai Oahu 1, 542 1,010 69 2, 496 772 64 53 18 360 41 1,473 ; 132 416 i 258 115 1 56 2,492 | 119 514 i : 79 39 38 119 257 314 17 1,181 321 1,641 1, 287 67 4,053 1,143 1, 943: 1,318 12^ 3,802 955. Total 5,889 536 5,010 565 1 275 2,090 8,191 8,204 THE SCHOOL SYSTEM OP HAWAII. The following sketch of the school system of the islands, which was prepared recently, will, with the tables furnished above, give a clear and comprehensive idea, of the plans which have been followed and which are now being carried out in the Territory : The Hawaiian Islands, now comprising the Territory of Hawaii, have had for more than two generations a well-organized and efficient public-school system. This system was originally the work of some of the ablest of the men who made their homes here during the first half of the nineteenth century, and has been care- fully developed and built up to fit peculiar local conditions. Like all systems of human devising, the Hawaiian school system is capable of further advance and improvement as experience may show the same to be desirable and practicable. But such advance should be on lines already wisely laid down by those who were and are thoroughly familiar with existing conditions. Any radical reorganization of our school system, however well meant, could only result in grave disaster to the educational interests of the Territory. HISTORICAL. The educational history of this archipelago extends over a period of nearly eighty years. Soon after their arrival, in 1821, the members of the first company of Ameri- can missionaries interested themselves in educational matters, the first spelling book having been printed in 1822. This may be regarded as the first step toward popular education in these islands, but in the beginning it was an education of adults rather than children. Between the years 1823 and 1827 a peculiar system of schools sprang up and spread rapidly over the islands, and flourished for about ten years. The chiefs and their immediate attendants were the first pupils. From 1830 to 1840 the American missionaries maintained model schools at each of their stations. From this time the attendance of adults fell off rapidly, and the principal attention thence- forth was paid to the education of children. 4-4 REPORT OF GOVERNOR OF THE TERRITORY OF HAWAII. In 1831 the missionaries established Lahainaluna Seminary on the island of Maui, chiefly as a training school for native teachers and preachers. Industrial training was from the first a prominent feature in the curriculum. A printing press and book- bindery were attached to the school, at winch numerous text-books were published, and in 1834 the first newspaper ever printed in the Pacific Ocean, the Lama Hawaii (the Light of Hawaii), was issued. Maps and illustrations for text-books were also engraved on copper by the pupils. This school is still in existence, having become a part of the public-school system. Industrial training is, as heretofore, a prominent feature. A few years later boarding schools for girls were established at different points, several of these being still in operation. In 1839 a boarding school for boys was established in Hilo, Hawaii, and in this school manual labor has always been a leading feature. The institution now known as Oahu College was originally founded by American missionaries in 1841 for the education of their own children, and was chartered in 1849 as a public institution. A new charter, providing for a college as well as a pre- paratory school, was obtained in 1853. This institution is well equipped as to both buildings and apparatus, and has a considerable endowment. What are known as the Kamehameha schools were established under the will of the late Mrs. Bernice P. Bishop, an Hawaiian lady of the highest rank, wife of C. R. Bishop, of the banking house of Bishop & Co. , she having left the bulk of a large property in the hands of trustees for that purpose. Mr. Bishop, being possessed of ample means, has supplemented his wife's bequest with large and repeated gifts from his own fortune. Having had ample means at their command, the trustees have been able to organ- ize and equip the schools on very liberal lines. In addition to a large boarding school for girls, there is a boys' school combining manual and technical instruction with the ordinary school branches; also a preparatory department. Commodious and well-equipped workshops, with steam power, electricity, and the best mechanical appliances, enable this school to give a thorough training in various departments of wood and metal working, and the boys show a very satisfactory degree of interest in their work and of capacity for acquiring proficiency therein. The pupils in these schools are all in whole or in part of native blood. PUBLIC SCHOOLS. The history of our public or Government schools extends over a period of sixty years, the first school law having been enacted in 1841 by the King and chiefs in council. This somewhat antedated anything corresponding to our ideas of modern constitutional government, and the inspiration of those taking this action doubtless came from their foreign teachers and friends. In 1843 a department of public instruction wras organized and the official at the head thereof given the rank of a minister of the crown. This position was first filled by Hon. W. Richards, and at his death, in 1847, he was succeeded by Rev. R. Armstrong, the father of the late Gen. S. C. Armstrong, of Hampton. General Armstrong was born in Honolulu, and received his early education here. In 1855 the department was remodeled and placed under a board of education, whose president exercised the same powers and was charged with the same duties formerly belonging to the minister of public instruction. In 1896 the administration of the public schools was again raised to the rank of an executive department, to be presided over by a minister and a board of commis- sioners, it being provided that the minister of foreign affairs should be ex officio minister of public instruction. The act of Congress providing a Territorial government for Hawaii made a change in the title of the head of the department, who is now known as "superintendent" instead of "minister." Neither of the last two changes named made any material difference in the educa- tional system as such, nor in the everyday administration of its affairs. FURTHER FACTS. The following additional facts concerning the Hawaiian public school system are important: I. The sole basis and medium of instruction in all public schools is the English language. II. Tuition in all the public schools is absolutely free. Pupils buy the text-books needed, but these may be provided by the department free in cases of extreme pov- REPORT OF GOVERNOR OF THE TERRITORY OF HAWAII. 45 erty. Text-books are imported by the department in large quantities and supplied at cost. III. School attendance from 6 to 15 years of age is compulsory. Children within those ages are not required to attend government schools; parents can send them to private schools if they so prefer, but to some school taught in the English language they must go. and that with a fair degree of regularity. A system of truant officers or school police enforces that provision of the law in the country districts as well as in Honolulu. IV. Teachers' salaries are regulated by a carefully prepared schedule, and are based on (a) grade and size of school, (6) class of certificate held, and (c) length of satisfactory service. The schedule is uniform for all, and makes no account of race, color, nationality, party politics, or religious belief. Neither are salaries affected by sex. Men and women filling corresponding positions and having equal certificates and experience receive the same pay. V. Examinations of candidates for teachers' certificates are held at least once a year, generally during the latter part of the summer vacation. These examinations are open without cost to all who choose to present themselves, and certificates are issued of three classes, according to the average percentages obtained by candidates. In the matter of scholarship and qualifications, as in that of salaries, the rule and standard is the same throughout the Territory. VI. The department takes a justifiable pride in the fact that its teachers and other employees are paid regularly and promptly. Warrants on the treasury for salaries are dated on the last day of each month, and are always paid on presentation. INSPECTORS. There is a regular system of inspection, the Territory being divided into three cir- cuits. This enables visits to be made to each school at least three times a year. The inspectors also hold meetings of the teachers for the purpose of giving advice and practical illustration, and of promoting in every way possible the interest in education. SANITARY INSPECTION. Under a rule of the board of health, all children attending school must be exam- ined by a physician, and must be pronounced free from any contagious disease. A rule of the department of education requires that all teachers must produce a medical certificate that they are free from any infectious or contagious disease, and especially from tuberculosis. SPECIAL SCHOOLS. With a view of supplying teachers from among the pupils born and brought up on the islands, a normal school has been established. This had its commencement some ten years ago in a small normal class taught in the afternoons. From this small beginning has grown what promises to be one of the most important educa- tional institutions on the islands. THE NORMAL SCHOOL. The total enrollment of the normal school for the year 1901-02 is 92. This is an increase of more than 40 per cent on the enrollment of the previous year. Of this number 60 are Hawaiian or part Hawaiian, 10 are Chinese, while the remaining are of American or European extraction. Eight nationalities are represented in the school. There has been a marked improvement in the general character of the applicants for admission to the normal school, and as a result of this the standard of admission and consequently of graduation has been raised. This improvement argues well for the schools of the country. At the close of this year 22 were recommended for certificates. The following are the departments into which the work of the normal school is divided: Theory of art of teaching, geography, mineralogy and observational astron- omy, nature study and agriculture, mathematics, history, English and expression work, music, drawing. Each teacher, in addition to giving instruction in the subject-matter of his particu- lar department, also instructs the pupil teachers in the correct use of the spoken and written words that are necessary to express the thoughts that are aroused by the study of the respective subjects. 46 REPORT OF GOVERNOR OF THE TERRITORY OF HAWAII. The school day is divided into three parts— (a) 9 to 10.30, (//) 10.45 to 12, (b) 12.30 to 2. Each pupil teacher spends one-third of the day in the training school, where he takes charge of a class under the supervision of the training teacher. The remaining two-thirds of the day are devoted to the study of academic subjects. TRAINING SCHOOL. There are seven rooms and five grades in the training school. Each grade is in charge of a teacher specially trained for the work. The total enrollment for the spring term of this year was 286. This number is made up of the following nation- alities: Nationality. Hawaiians Part Hawaiians Americans British German Portuguese Boys. Girls. 11 29 14 24 ' 4 7 3 1 4 1 38 52 Nationality. Boys. Scandinavians.. Japanese Chinese Porto Rican Other foreigners Girls. 1 2 40 14 14 20 1 2 4 An effort has been made to have representatives of as many nationalities as possible in the training school. As already stated, each training pupil has charge of a room for one-third of each day of the school year. This charge implies the arrangement of the subject-matter, the outlining of lesson plans, the care of the school property, and the supervision of the school grounds. In this way the pupils are prepared to take full charge of any school to which they may be appointed. The training teachers have the general supervision of the room. They direct the pupils in the arrangement of the subject-matter, suggest the method of presentation, correct the lesson plans, and keep the record of the ability of the pupils to teach. HIGH SCHOOL. This institution is carried on by a corps of 7 teachers, and contains 75 pupils, who are going through the usual high school course. Attached to the high school is a grammar school in charge of 5 teachers and having an enrollment of 203 pupils. To this has been added for the ensuing term an additional room which will contain about 60 pupils. The graduates fri im the high school pass straight to various uni- versities and colleges on the mainland, and acquit themselves as well as pupils of the. same class who are educated at Oahu College, which is an independent establishment carrying on the higher education. High school studies are taught in some of the older classes of the large country schools, but Honolulu at present contains the only high school carried out on a regular course and giving a diploma at ihe end of the period of study. The nationality of the pupils in the high school is a matter of interest. There are 9 part Hawaiians, 41 Americans, 11 British, 5 German, 1 Portuguese, 4 Japanese, 2 Chinese, and 2 foreigners of unclassified nationalities. The teachers are all Americans, save the teacher of foreign language, who is a Scandinavian. In the grammar-school attachment nationalities are as follows: Hawaiians 2 Part Hawaiians 41 Americans 77 British 31 Germans 16 Portuguese 20 Scandinavians 4 Japanese 5 Chinese 4 Other foreigners 3 The total number of boys in the high school is 29; girls, 46. In the grammar- school attachment there are 80 boys and 123 girls. The teachers in the latter school are all Americans. LAHAINALUNA. The history of this establishment has already been dwelt upon. During its long career it has had many ups and downs, but it seems now to have taken an upward REPORT OF GOVERNOR OF THE TERRITORY OF HAWAII. 47 course. The idea of the school is that there should be higher education combined with industrial training. The boys board and sleep at the school, and in a large measure raise their own food, though not entirely. There are 4 teachers in charge, all of whom assist in the industrial work as well as in the work of the schoolroom. The present enrollment is 45, of whom 32 are Hawaiians, 10 part Hawaiians, 2 Jap- anese, and 1 Chinese. Twenty-three boys are in the fourth year of the grammar course and 22 are in the high school course. Twenty-nine boys are engaged in agriculture and 22 are engaged in printing, carpentry, and other manual work. The hours for work and for study are closely followed. A bell calls the boys at 5.45 a. m., and another at 6 o'clock is a signal for them to start to work. This work is either agricultural or in the shops for most of the boys, though a few have other duties as stewards, wagon boys, pig feeders, etc. At 7.30 this work is ended; at 8 breakfast is called, and at 8.30 classes begin. These continue until 12, 3 teachers hearing classes and 1 working in a shop. From 12.35 until 2.30 2 teachers are conducting recitations and 2 shopwork. At 3 o'clock the boys return to work similar to that of the morning and continue it until 5 o'clock. 5.30 is the supper hour, after which the boys are at liberty until 6.45. From 6.45 until 8.15 they study together, a teacher being present each evening. At 9 o'clock a bell gives the signal for all boys to go to their rooms. The entire morning and afternoon working time of the boys is seventeen and one- half hours per week. Those who do agricultural work, however, have to use four hours of this time for cleaning taro and pounding poi, and four hours more for col- lecting wood to cook the taro, which very materially lessens their time for other work. The food supplied the boys is simple, being poi and fresh beef three times a week, sweet potatoes in season, bread and coffee once a week (Sunday morning). One of the boys is the baker. Besides what food has been mentioned, each boy supplies himself with dried fish, and this completes the regular bill of fare. Jn the matter of life in the dormitories, the boys are given a large degree of freedom, the rooms being inspected often enough to see that they are kept clean and orderly, and the furniture cared for, but no teacher remaining in them over night. boys' reformatory school. Under the Hawaiian system the reformatory school for boys is under the charge of the department of education, and before the coming year is completed there will be most probably an industrial school for girls read}'. At present the boys' school is in Honolulu, but during the next few months it will be moved to a tract of land at the north end of the island, and it will become possible to give the boys thorough training in agriculture, farming, fishing, and dairy work. Tbe present boys' reform school buildings will he used for the industrial schools for girls. On November 1 of last year there was a change of management, and since that date there has been a considerable increase in the establishment. On November 1 there Were 47 boys on the muster roll. Of these 5 boys were in jail for escaping from the school, and 1 had escaped and was not yet captured, so that there were in school at that time 41 boys. Since that date 37 boys have been committed and 21 boys released, leaving on the muster roll at this date 63 boys. Of this number there are: In school, 60; in prison, 2; in Queen's Hospital, 1; total, 63. Nationality of boys. Hawaiians 34 Part Hawaiians 7 Portuguese 9 Porto Ricans 10 Americans ( colored ) 2 American ( white ) 1 Total 63 Statement of offenses for which the boys in the school were committed. Assault and battery 1 I Malicious mischief 2 Larceny (second degree) 19 ! Disobedience to parents 4 Truancy 27 Vagrancy 5 Common nuisance 1 Burglary 3 Trespass 1 Total 63 48 REPORT OF GOVERNOR OF THE TERRITORY OF HAWAII. Nationality and offenses. Nationality. G oS a H o So 5" Larceny. Vagrancy. a .11 .- ^ Burglary. Common nui- sance. Assault and 1 lattery. Trespass. "5 18 4 2 3 3 1 B 1 12 3 1 l l 34 5 3 4 2 2 ;> 10 o 1 . 1 Total 97 4 19 5 9 3 1 l 1 i fi:i 1 Daily programme. 5 a. m. — Rise; arrange bedclothing; prayer. 5 to 7 a. m. — Cook breakfast; sweep rooms; clean yard, etc. 7 to 7.30 a. m. — Breakfast, 7.30 to 8.30 a. m. — Wash dishes, dining hall, etc. ; work. 8.30 to 9 a. m. — Bathe; change clothing; make beds. 9 to 12 m. — In school. 12 to 1 p. m. — Dinner; clean up dishes and dining hall; play. 1 to 2 p. m. — In school and knife workshop. 1 to 4 P- m. — Boys in carpenter shop. 2 to 4 P- m. — Work. 4 to 4-15 p. m. — Clean yard; water plants. 4.15 to 5.15 j). m. — Play; bathe and change clothing. 5.15 to 5.4-5 p. m. — Supper. 5.45 to 6.30 p. m. — Wash dishes; sweep dining hall. 6.30 to 7.30 p. m. — Study hour; singing; reports of conduct. 7.30.— Retire. Note. — When the days are shorter there is some change in these hours, is a half holiday. Bill of fare — inmates' dining hall. Saturday Breakfast. Dinner. Supper. Sunday Rice and sugar, coffee and medium bread (al- ternately). Beef, sweet potatoes, bread, bananas, vegetables. Beef, bread, poi, vegetables. do Tea and medium rice and sugar. Poi and salmon. Do. Do. Tea and bread. Poi and salmon. Do. bread or do Wednesday do do... Same as Sunday Same as Monday do do Friday do ! On important holidays buns, cake, or pudding is served. AGRICULTURE. Though the grounds are limited and the soil very poor, by carrying soil and using manure a crop of vegetables has been raised and another crop planted. Small quan- tities of beans, corn, cabbage, tomatoes, and sweet potatoes have been raised. This garden, besides the planting of a hedge, cultivation of flowers, ferns, etc., is all the agricultural work practicable under the present conditions. CARPENTRY. Five boys work in the carpenter shop from 1 to 4 every afternoon except Saturday and Sunday. The instructor is here only during those hours, so that it is not possible for him to take charge of more than one class. EEPOKT OF GOVERNOR OF THE TERRITORY OF HAWAII. 49 Since the 1st of November last the following articles have been made in the shop: 7 teachers' desks, 3 wardrobe boxes, 2 bookcases, 1 screen frame, 1 curtain pole, 1 typewriter table, 1 bureau, 6 sewing chests, 1 sand table, 22 screens for windows, 2 screen doors. Besides the work done in the shop the boys have built and repaired fences, repaired and painted buildings, and done carpenter work for the Kaiulani school. KNIFE WORK. Fifteen boys are in the knife workshop under the instruction of one of the guards from 1 to 2 p. m. on working days. They have made clothespins, paper knives, checkerboards, bread boards, brackets, and picture frames. For this work such lumber has been used as could be picked up, viz, kerosene cases, cigar boxes, etc. Two boys are employed in the sewing room making sheets, mattresses, shirts, pants, nightshirts, pillowcases, etc. On Monday afternoons all the boys have prac- tice in sewing, mending their clothes, sewing on buttons, etc. MAINTENANCE. The present appropriation of $2,750 per year for the general expenses of this school, including food, clothing, fuel, light, material, medicad attendance, etc., is altogether inadequate for the support of the present number of boys. Two hundred and twenty-nine dollars a month, or $3.63 for each boy, is very much lower than is expended in any other part of the States in similar institutions. In the Boston parental school the cost per boy per week is $3.68. In the Indiana reform school, where there are over 500 boys, the cost per capita is about $10 per month. Here, where food supply and material of all kinds is much higher than in the East, there should be a much more liberal appropriation for this school. It is to be hoped that after the school has been moved to the farm at Waialee that it will soon be self- supporting, but that will take two or three years. CASH ACCOUNTS. TtGC61T)tS * Cash on hand, Nov. 1, 1901 $7.45 Cash received for articles made 148. 45 Total 155. 90 Expenditures: Paid for material, supplies, etc 154. 71 Balance on hand 1. 19 Total 155. 90 EXPENDITURES OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. Statement of appropriations, disbursements, and balances remaining, June 30, 1902. Appropria- tions. Disburse- ments. Balances. Salaries and pay rolls Current expenses Total 1652, 862. 50 202, 525. 00 $317, 429. 93 60, 123. 66 855, 387. 50 377,553.59' S335. 432. 57 142. 401. 34 477, 833. 91 BOARD OF HEALTH. PURE FOOD, DRINK, AND MEDICINE. The report for the past year of the food commissioner and analyst to the board of health shows a diligent inspection throughout the year of foods, drinks, and medicines offered for sale in Honolulu. 8750—02 4 50 REPOET OF GOVERNOR OF THE TERRITORY OF HAWAII. Samples of milk have been taken from milk wagons on the street daily with the exception of Sundays and holidays. Of these, 122, rep- resenting 22 dairies, were below standard, as were also 10 taken from restaurants and 1 from individuals. "The average of the analyses of samples of milk taken at dairies was found to be: By dairies, total solids, 12.27; butter fat, 8.62 per cent. By number of cows, total solids, 12.36; butter fat, 3.74 per cent. A similar agreement between these two averages has been found in former years." (Report of food commissioner and analyst.) Twenty-eight samples of drugs were examined, of which 13 were adulterated or below standard. One hundred and seventy-six samples of food besides milk were examined, of which 56 were adulterated or below standard. Six cases have been prosecuted — 3 for sale of adulterated milk, 2 for sale of adulterated coffee, and 1 for sale of adulterated sausage. Con- victions were obtained in all but the last. These, with 3 convictions of cases begun the }Tear before, make 8 convictions during the year. One defendant was fined $100 and sentenced to thirty days' imprison- ment, 1 was fined $100, 3 were fined $50 each, and 3 $25 each. Sanitary inspection of Honolulu. Major and minor nuisances ordered abated 32, 949 Major and minor nuisances abated 27, 410 Examinations for restaurant licenses 130 Complaints filed 40 Total number of inspections 93, 408 Sanitary inspection of Silo. Major and minor nuisances ordered abated 1, 443 Major and minor nuisances abated 1, 438 Complaints filed 9 Total number of inspections 6, 039 Vital statistics. Marriages 1, 314 Births 2,346 Deaths, males 1, 770 Deaths, females 976 Annual death rate per 1,000 of population 18. 3 Annual death rate per 1,000 of population of Honolulu 25. 59 LEPROSY. The policy of segregation of lepers was adopted by the enactment of special statutes with this object in view in 1865. The leper settle- ment on the island of Molokai was established in the year 1866, during which year 141 patients were sent there. The policy of segregation was loosely carried out for a number of years after the establishment of the settlement. During the first seven years the patients admitted averaged 114 per annum, and the largest number admitted in any one year was 183. In 1873 a stricter enforcement of the law was carried out, and 487 patients were sent to the settlement. Thereafter until 1887 the law of segregation was only partially enforced and the number of admissions during those years averaged 141 per annum, and the largest number admitted in any one year was 301. REPORT OF GOVERNOR OF THE TERRITORY OF HAWAII. 51 Since 1887 the law has been vigilantly carried out. The number of admissions in 1888 was 579; in 1889, 308; and in 1890, 202; and from that year to the present time the admissions have decreased in number, though not regularly from year to year; but taking the twelve years beginning with 1S90 and ending with 1901, in sections of three years each, we find the number of admissions to be as follows: 1890 to 1892, inclusive 454 1893 to 1895, inclusive 445 1896 to 1898, inclusive 350 1899 to 1901, inclusive 254 From these figures it would appear that with strict segregation the disease has steadily diminished, while, without strict segregation, it shows a tendency to spread. The following table gives the average number of patients at the set- tlement for three periods of ten years each, with the average death rate for the same periods: 1871 to 1880, inclusive 1881 to 1890, inclusive 1891 to 1900, inclusive Average j Average number of number of patients. deaths. 135. 4 144 134.5 Death rate. Per cent. 20.9 17.5 12.3 These figures show a marked decrease of the death rate for the last decade, which is undoubtedly largely due to a general improvement of conditions at the settlement perlaining to comforts of life and care of the sick. The number of patients at the settlement at the end of 1901 was 912, and on the 30th of June, 1902, 915. During the year ending June 30, 1902, 132 persons have been exam- ined, of which number 83 were found to have the disease, 31 were sus- picious cases, and 17 were discharged. The following tables give their nationality, sex, and age: Nationalities. Hawaiians 76 Part Hawaiians 42 Chinese 7 Japanese 3 Portuguese 1 Spanish Porto Eican South Sea Islander Total 132 Sex. Males 85 Females 47 Total 132 Ages. Under 10 years 6 10 to 20 years 49 20 to 30 years 31 30 to 40 years 21 40 to 50 years 8 50 to 60 years 9 60 to 70 years 7 Over 70 years 1 Total 132 52 REPORT OF GOVERNOR OF THE TERRITORY OF HAWAII. Expense* of the board of health. Appropria- tion. Salary of executive officer, secretary, etc $19. 000. 00 Pay of government physicians . Health inspectors, etc General expenses, support of lepers, hospitals, etc.. 40, 560. 00 135,246.00 126,400.00 Totals 621, 206. 00 Drawn. $9, -1*2. 25 20, 010. 38 56,130.55 ITS. 571.54 2li4.144.72 Balance. $9,567.75 2d, 549. 62 79. 115. 45 247, 828. 46 357,061.28 DEPARTMENT OF THE ATTORNEY-GENERAL. The employees of the attorney-general's department number 315, of whom 22S are Hawaiians, the remaining- 87 being mainly Americans. The appropriations for the support of the department for the bien- nial period from June 30, 1901, to July 1, 1903, aggregated §620,719.95. of which 8315,525.23 have been drawn on account of the first half of such period, leaving a balance of 8305,191.72 for the second half. The high sheriff reports that an electrical police-alarm system, which has been recently installed in Honolulu at a cost of 820,000, has added much to the effectiveness of the police force of that city. He also reports a decrease in the number of arrests in Honolulu for all offenses for the past year over the year before of 323, and that the arrests for drunkenness had fallen off, as compared to the previous year, by 728. This decrease in the number of arrests for drunkenness, the high sheriff attributes to the policy of the government of issuing a considerable number of licenses for the sale of beer only. These licenses having been recently declared unconstitutional by the local federal court, a further opportunity will be afforded of studying their influence on drunkenness. The attorney -general, in explaining a deficit in the pro rata expend- itures of the appropriation for ' ' incidentals — civil and criminal expenses," makes the following brief reference to the work in his department, as affected by the new political conditions. He says: This appropriation was reduced by the last legislature, which reduction, in the light of subsequent and unforeseen events, has proved to be unfortunate. The court and opinion work of the department has doubled since the days .of the Republic. Grave constitutional questions have arisen; extended sessions and special sessions of court have become the rule. During a great part of the past year two terms of the circuit court have been running at the same time. In June there were three — one in Hilo, one in Wailuku, and one in Honolulu. The terms have not only been much more numerous, but also much longer than formerly. The transition, habeas corpus, and fishing-right cases — exceptional matters — have taxed the department severely in both time and money. I have employed outside counsel when imperatively neces- sary, and have spent during the year 81,509.25 therefor. If I had not done so important interests of the Territory must have gone by default. These and other extraordinary demands fall mainly upon the appropriation for incidentals — civil and criminal expenses. REPORT OF GOVERNOR OF THE TERRITORY OF HAWAII. 53 Number of arrests made throughout the Territory of Hawaii, and disposition of same in the district courts, for the year ending June 30, A. I). 1902. NATIONALITY AND SEX. o Se X. Nationality. o5 a to a ■S '3 S W 4 c w d o3 o a Ph Oahu 5, 856 2.697 1,559 808 5,635 2,445 1, 508 771 221 252 51 37 1,350 582 412 141 109 8 12 2 875 141 40 22 119 9 5 2 14 Total 10, 920 10, 359 561 2, 585 181 1,078 135 14 Nationality. >c i M 3 ho 6 oj CO 03 g ,£) go 13 e x: z t-< 03 n -n 03 c a. 3-1 03 Ph o i-s Ch 0Q 03 O P o 380 217 70 1,434 513 380 1,152 850 558 154 241 76 2 26 241 36 1,309 808 428 4,547 1,889 Maui and Molokai 6 1,131 25 168 330 109 5 4 223 585 Total 692 2,495 2,890 580 13 26 281 2, 768 8,152 AMOUNT OF FINES AND COSTS IMPOSED AND PAID. Islands. r^ U<£d Dis- charged. Fines. Costs. Total amount imposed. Bail for- feited. Fines and costs paid. Oahu ! 5,856 4,547 Hawaii . 2, 697 1 1, 889 Maui and Molokai . . . . 1, 559 1, 131 Kauai ! 808 ! 585 1,309 808 428 223 827, 021. 00 10, 437. 80 6, 667. 00 4,131.20 $4, 849. 55 1,575.05 270. 35 535. 60 $31, 870. 55 12, 012. 85 6, 947. 35 4, 666. 80 $8, 149. 00 8, 741. 00 4, 503. 00 3, 233. 00 $20, 122. 25 5, 382. 30 4, 121. 25 2, 194. 60 Total 10,920 : 8,152 i 2,768 48, 267. 00 7, 230. 55 55, 497. 55 24, 626. 0C 31,820.40 GAMBLING. Total ar- rests. Sex. Nationality. Islands. Male. Fe- male. Hawai- ians. Ameri- cans. Portu- guese. Chi- nese. Japa- nese. Porto otners Ricans.!uxners- 1,721 589 650 289 1,713 565 646 288 8 24 4 1 184 68 65 10 37 14 5 34 12 13 1,044 326 262 114 410 166 304 151 6 1 1 14 6 2 Maui and Molokai Total...! 3, 249 3,212 37 327 56 59 1,746 1,031 22 8 Islands. Dis- charged. Convict- ed. Imposed. Total amount imposed. Fines and costs paid. Bail for- Fines. Costs. feited. Oahu 371 114 143 48 1,350 475 507 241 $7, 162. 00 2, 549. 00 1,124.00 280. 00 $807. 95 85.45 33.10 34.40 $7, 969. 95 2, 634. 45 • 1,157.10 314. 40 $7, 128. 15 316. 25 7S8. 10 252. 00 $3,551.00 2, 803. 00 Maui and Molokai 2, 693. 00 2, 105. 00 Total 676 2,573 11, 115. 00 960. 90 12, 075. 90 8, 484. 50 11. 152. 00 54 EEPORT OF GOVERNOR OF THE TERRITORY OF HAWAII. Number of arrests made throughout the Territory of Hawaii, and disposition of same in the district court*, for the year < ndimj .lane JO, A. I). 190J — Continued. CASES OF SELLING SPIRITUOUS LIQUORS WITHOUT A LICENSE. Total ar- rests. Sex. Nationality. Islands. Male. Fe- male. Hawai- ians. Ameri- cans. Portu- guese. Chi- nese. Japa- nese. £££]«*«. Oahu... 85 88 47 12 81 72 45 11 4 16 2 1 16 1 4 3 15 13 21 44 18 1 15 3 35 9 Maui and Molokai 2 2 1 21 8 1 5 Total 232 209 23 21 7 19 77 85 1 99 Islands. Dis- charged. Con- victed. Imposed. Total amount imposed. Fines and costs paid. Bail for- Fines. Costs. feited. Oahu 37 48 11 8 48 40 36 4 36, 030. 00 3, 250. 00 3, 150. 00 600. 00 3102. 50 209. 60 42. 20 10.00 36, 132. 50 3, 459. 60 3, 192. 20 610. 00 32, 893. 10 1,261.50 1,525.50 110. 30 $1, 300. 00 Maui and Molokai 725. 00 100. 00 Total 104 128 13, 030. 00 364. 30 13, 394. 30 5, 790. 40 2, 125. 00 DRUNKENNESS. Total ar- rests. Sex. Nationality. Islands. Male. Fe- male. Hawai- ians. Ameri- cans. Portu- guese. Chi- nese. Japa- nese. Porto Ricans. Others. Oahu 1,330 355 158 47 1,300 329 156 46 30 26 2 1 423 195 95 13 488 53 1 72 36 2 3 7 103 38 30 25 16 20 2 1 225 6 Maui and Molokai Kauai 8 2 Total 1,890 1,831 59 726 561 117 10 196 39 241 Islands. Dis- charged. Convict- ed. Imposed. Total amount imposed. Fines and costs paid. Bail for- Fines. Costs. feited. 26 49 13 3 1,304 306 145 44 32, 338. 00 579. 00 232. 00 109. 00 31, 097. 30 156. 85 23.00 30.90 33, 435. 30 735. 85 255. 00 139. 90 32, 700. 00 439. 30 214. 00 132. 30 31, 352. 00 1, 068. 00 Maui and Molokai 294. 00 88.00 Total 91 1,799 3, 258. 00 1, 308. 05 4, 566. 05 3, 485. 60 2, 802. 00 Arrests made throughout the city of Honolulu, and disposition of the same in the district courts, for the two years ending June 30, A. D. 1901 and 1902. GAMBLING. co Sex. Nationality. 73 d 3 CJ c3 d ^ 5 CD 2 CIO d d d •a o O 6 "3 S a a o 3 P, o o a A a at > R c H § 1=1 W 1=1 < Ph O 1-2 Ph o H O 1900. July 13 30 13 30 2 11 3 % 2 15 3 13 10 9 17 59 59 22 i 1 35 6 53 51 62 77 51 62 77 6 2 14 6 1 3 4 33 45 59 3 13 3 3 2 48 l 59 December 75 REPORT OF GOVERNOR OF THE TERRITORY OF HAWAII. 55 Arrests made throughout the city of Honolulu, and disposition of the same in the district courts, for the two years ending June 30, A. D. 1901 and 1902 — Continued. GAMBLING— Continued. d "3 o Eh Sex. N itionality. o SO 3 a 03 3 a 3 3 o 3 g < p be t« o Ph CD o 0} 5 ft 1~5 5 o s o o Pn 3 O •0